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v0.1.1262
NotesFrench BTopic 3.4Relative pronouns
Back to French B Topics
3.4.34 min read

Relative pronouns

IB French B • Unit 3

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Contents

  • What it is
  • The forms
  • When to use each one
  • In action
  • Common errors
Relative pronouns (joining two clauses): A relative pronoun (un pronom relatif) lets you join two short sentences into one by replacing a repeated noun — exactly like English who, which, that, where, whose. Instead of « J'ai un ami. Cet ami habite à Lyon. » you say « J'ai un ami qui habite à Lyon. » The four you need at SL are qui, que, où and dont — and the trick is choosing the right one for the job.
le pronom relatif
a relative pronoun — joins a clause to a noun (qui, que, où, dont)
l'antécédent
the noun the relative pronoun refers back to («l'ami qui…» → l'ami is the antécédent)
qui
who/which/that as the SUBJECT (the doer) of its clause — «l'ami qui parle»
que (qu')
whom/which/that as the DIRECT OBJECT — «le livre que je lis» (elides to qu')
où
where / when — relative of PLACE or TIME («la ville où…», «le jour où…»)
dont
of which / about which / whose — replaces «de + …» («le film dont je parle»)
Why it matters: Relative pronouns are how you build longer, more sophisticated sentences instead of lots of short ones — and that earns language marks. They come up constantly: describing a person (qui), a thing (que), a place (où) or talking about something (dont).
Four pronouns, four jobs: These words never change to agree with gender or number — the skill is choosing the right one. Decide what role the noun plays in the second clause: is it the subject (→ qui), the direct object (→ que), a place or time (→ où), or does the verb take « de » (→ dont)? Learn the table, then the worked split underneath it.
PronomRôleExempleAnglais
quisujet (subject)le garçon qui courtthe boy who runs
que / qu'objet direct (direct object)le film que j'aimethe film that I like
oùlieu / temps (place / time)la ville où je visthe town where I live
dontde + … (of/about/whose)le sujet dont on parlethe topic we talk about
Two sentences→ Joined with a relative pronoun
Je connais une fille. Elle chante bien.Je connais une fille qui chante bien. (qui = subject «elle»)
Voilà le gâteau. Je l'ai fait.Voilà le gâteau que j'ai fait. (que = object «le»)
C'est le café. J'y travaille.C'est le café où je travaille. (où = place)
C'est un problème. Je m'occupe de ce problème.C'est un problème dont je m'occupe. (dont = «de» of «s'occuper de»)
qui keeps its -i, que loses it: qui is the subject and never elides — even before a vowel: « l'homme qui arrive ». que is the object and does elide to qu' before a vowel: « la chanson qu'elle écoute ». A quick test: if a verb follows directly, you usually need qui; if a new subject (je, tu, il…) follows, you usually need que.

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A quick decision guide: When you're unsure, ask one question about the second clause. Is the shared noun doing the action → qui. Is it receiving the action (with another subject right after) → que. Is it a place or a time → où. Does the verb need « de » → dont. Run through the checklist below with its French examples.

Quel pronom relatif ?

  • Is the noun the subject (it does the verb)? → qui — « C'est l'homme qui travaille ici. » (the man who works here)
  • Is the noun the direct object (another subject follows)? → que — « C'est le repas que ma mère prépare. » (the meal my mother prepares)
  • Is it a place? → où — « C'est la maison où j'habite. » (the house where I live)
  • Is it a time (le jour, le moment, l'année…)? → où — « C'est le jour où tout a changé. » (the day when everything changed)
  • Does the verb take « de » (parler de, avoir besoin de, s'occuper de)? → dont — « C'est le livre dont j'ai besoin. » (the book I need)
The «de» test for dont: Before you choose, check the verb of the second clause. If it would naturally take « de » — parler de (talk about), avoir besoin de (need), rêver de (dream of), s'occuper de (deal with) — then the relative pronoun is dont: « le projet dont je m'occupe ». dont also means « whose »: « la femme dont le fils est médecin » (the woman whose son is a doctor).
Joining clauses, sentence by sentence: Here's a short set of sentences that each join two ideas into one using a relative pronoun — qui (subject), que (object), où (place and time) and dont (« de »). For each one, notice which job the pronoun does. Read it for the meaning, then tap Voir la traduction for the English or 🔊 to hear it.

Les pronoms relatifs en action

Joindre deux idées, phrase à phrase

  1. J'ai un ami qui habite à Lyon.
  2. C'est le livre que je lis en ce moment.
  3. Voici la ville où je suis né.
  4. C'est un film dont tout le monde parle.
  5. Je me souviens du jour où nous nous sommes rencontrés.
Steal this for your writing: Notice the pattern: a noun, then a relative pronoun, then the extra detail — un ami qui…, le livre que…, la ville où…, un film dont…. Wherever you'd write two short sentences with the same noun, glue them together with the right relative pronoun and your French instantly reads more fluently.

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The slips anglophone learners make: Four traps cost most marks. (1) Using qui for the object when a new subject follows (« le livre qui je lis » ✗ → « le livre que je lis » ✓). (2) Forgetting that que elides before a vowel (« que il aime » ✗ → « qu'il aime » ✓), while qui never elides (« qui arrive », never « qu'arrive »). (3) Using quand instead of où for a time (« le jour quand » ✗ → « le jour où » ✓). (4) Forgetting dont when the verb takes « de » (« le film que je parle » ✗ → « le film dont je parle » ✓). Compare the right version with the typical mistake.

Correct

  • le garçon qui parle
  • le livre que je lis
  • la chanson qu'elle écoute
  • le jour où je suis né
  • le film dont je parle

Erreur fréquente

  • le garçon que parle
  • le livre qui je lis
  • la chanson que elle écoute
  • le jour quand je suis né
  • le film que je parle
Verb-or-subject? Then check for «de»: Two quick checks. (1) Look at what comes after the gap: a verb directly → qui; a new subject (je, tu, il, elle…) → que (elide to qu' before a vowel). (2) Is the noun a place/time → où (never « quand » after a noun), or does the verb take « de » → dont. Run those two checks and you'll pick the right pronoun almost every time.

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Pour chaque phrase, indique le pronom relatif correct et son rôle (sujet, objet, lieu ou « de ») : (1) « le garçon ___ court vite » (2) « le repas ___ je prépare » (3) « l'ami ___ je parle souvent ». [2 marks]

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3.1.1Present: -er verbs
3.1.2Present: -ir & -re verbs
3.1.3Irregular present
3.1.4Reflexive verbs
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