aimnova.
DashboardMy LearningPaper MasteryStudy Plan

Stay in the loop

Study tips, product updates, and early access to new features.

aimnova.

AI-powered IB study platform with personalised plans, instant feedback, and examiner-style marking.

IB Subjects
  • All IB Subjects
  • IB Diploma
  • IB ESS
  • IB Economics
  • IB Business Management
  • IB Math AI
  • IB Math AA
  • IB Physics
  • IB Spanish B
  • IB German B
  • IB French B
Question Banks
  • ESS Question Bank
  • Economics Question Bank
  • Business Management Question Bank
  • Math AI Question Bank
  • Math AA Question Bank
  • Physics Question Bank
  • Spanish B Question Bank
  • German B Question Bank
  • French B Question Bank
Predicted Topics 2026
  • ESS Predictions 2026
  • Economics Predictions 2026
  • Business Management Predictions 2026
  • Math AI Predictions 2026
  • Math AA Predictions 2026
  • Physics Predictions 2026
  • Spanish B Predictions 2026
  • German B Predictions 2026
  • French B Predictions 2026

Study Resources

  • Free Study Notes
  • Mock Exams
  • Revision Guide
  • Flashcards
  • Exam Skills
  • Command Terms
  • Past Paper Feedback
  • Grade Calculator
  • Exam Timetable 2026

Company

  • Features
  • Pricing
  • About Us
  • Blog
  • Contact
  • Terms
  • Privacy
  • Cookies

© 2026 Aimnova. All rights reserved.

Made with 💜 for IB students worldwide

v0.1.1262
NotesFrench B HLTopic 6.2Reference words
Back to French B HL Topics
6.2.73 min read

Reference words

IB French B • Unit 6

7-day free trial

Know exactly what to write for full marks

Practice with exam questions and get AI feedback that shows you the perfect answer — what examiners want to see.

Start Free Trial

Contents

  • What reference words are
  • What reference words point to
  • Tracking the reference — step by step
  • In action
  • Common errors
What reference words are: Reference words (les mots de référence) are little words like «le», «la», «les», «lui», «leur», «cela / ça», «ce / cette», «là», «y», «en» or «son / leur» that replace or point back to something already said earlier in the text. Writers use them so they don't repeat the same noun again and again. In Paper 2, a question may ask what one of these words refers to — the instruction is « Écrivez à qui ou à quoi se rapportent les mots soulignés. » Your job is to name the noun or idea the underlined word points back to.
le mot de référence
reference word (a word that points back to something said before)
le référent
the referent — the noun or idea the word points to
le pronom
pronoun (e.g. « le », « la », « lui », « leur » — stands in for a noun)
se rapporter à / renvoyer à
to refer to / to point back to
remplacer
to replace / to stand in for another word
souligné(s)
underlined — the word in the question is shown underlined in the text
s'accorder (en genre et en nombre)
to agree (in gender and number) with the noun it replaces
Name the noun, not the word: The instruction « à qui ou à quoi se rapporte “le” ? » does NOT want you to repeat «le» — it wants the actual noun or idea «le» stands for. Always answer with the thing it points to (e.g. « le chien »), found earlier in the text.
What each kind points to: Different reference words point to different things. Direct-object pronouns point to a noun; «cela / ça» point to a whole idea; «ce / cette» point to the nearest noun; place words point to a place; possessives point to an owner. This table is your map.
Mot de référenceSe rapporte le plus souvent à
le / la / lesun nom déjà mentionné (complément d'objet direct)
lui / leurune personne déjà mentionnée (complément d'objet indirect)
cela / ça / ce qui précèdeune idée ou une phrase entière, pas un seul nom
ce / cette / cetle nom le plus proche
là / yun lieu mentionné
son / sa / ses / leur(s)le possesseur mentionné (à qui appartient quelque chose)
It must agree: A reference word agrees in gender and number with the noun it replaces. «La» replaces a feminine singular noun (la lettre → il la lit) ; «les» replaces a plural noun. If your answer doesn't agree, it's the wrong referent.

Learn what examiners really want

See exactly what to write to score full marks. Our AI shows you model answers and the key phrases examiners look for.

Try AI Feedback Free7-day free trial • No card required
A reliable routine: To find what a reference word points to, work backwards from it. Find the underlined word, read what comes just before, identify the noun or idea, then substitute it to check the sentence still makes sense. Because you can re-read, this is quick and safe.

Track the reference — 5 steps

1

Repère le mot souligné

Locate the underlined word the question asks about (e.g. « le », « cela », « là »).

2

Lis la ou les phrases juste avant

The referent almost always appears earlier — read back one or two sentences.

3

Identifie le nom ou l'idée remplacé(e)

Decide which noun or idea fits — and check it agrees in gender and number.

4

Remplace-le

Put the noun back in place of the reference word — does the sentence still make sense?

5

Réponds avec ce nom / cette idée

Give the noun or idea it points to as your answer — not the reference word itself.

Repère → Lis avant → Identifie → Remplace → Vérifie

Look BEFORE, not after: Reference words almost always point backwards to something already said. So read the lines before the word, not after it. Then substitute the noun to confirm the sentence still makes sense.
Tracking a reference in a real text: Here is a short text — the kind Paper 2 (Reading) gives you. The text stays in front of you, so when a question asks « à qui ou à quoi se rapporte » an underlined word, you read back to find it. Read the text once (tap Voir la traduction if you get stuck), then we'll track one reference word together.
La lettre de la grand-mère: Léa a reçu une lettre de sa grand-mère. Dans cette lettre, sa grand-mère racontait qu'elle avait adopté un petit chien. Elle l'avait appelé Filou et elle le sortait chaque matin dans le parc qui se trouve près de chez elle. Là, elle rencontrait d'autres voisins et bavardait un moment avec eux.

La grand-mère disait que Filou l'accompagnait tout le temps et que, grâce à lui, elle se sentait moins seule. C'est pourquoi, dans la lettre, elle remerciait Léa : c'était elle qui lui avait offert le chien pour son anniversaire.
la lettre
the letter
adopter
to adopt (a pet)
sortir (un chien)
to take (a dog) out for a walk
accompagner
to keep (someone) company
se sentir moins seule
to feel less lonely
offrir
to give (as a present)

Finding the referent

Un mot souligné, pas à pas

  1. Read the question — « Écrivez à quoi se rapporte « l' » dans la phrase « Elle l'avait appelé Filou ». »
  2. Read back. The sentence just before says « elle avait adopté un petit chien ». So look at that masculine singular noun.
  3. Substitute and answer — « Elle l'avait appelé Filou » → « Elle avait appelé le chien Filou ». « L' » (le) se rapporte au chien.
Check the agreement: «Le» is masculine singular, so its referent must be a masculine singular noun — « le chien », not « la lettre ». Always check the reference word and the noun agree before you commit to your answer.

Never wonder what to study next

Get a personalized daily plan based on your exam date, progress, and weak areas. We'll tell you exactly what to review each day.

Try Free Study Plan7-day free trial • No card required
Where marks are lost: Most marks are lost not to hard French but to careless tracking: pointing to the wrong (often the nearest) noun, choosing a referent that doesn't agree in gender and number, or guessing without substituting the noun back to check. Compare the two columns.

Bonnes pratiques

  • Read back to find the noun the word really points to.
  • Check the referent agrees in gender and number with the word.
  • Substitute the noun back in and confirm the sentence still makes sense.
  • For « cela / ça », name the whole idea, not just one noun.

Erreurs typiques

  • Point to the nearest noun even when it doesn't fit.
  • Choose a referent that doesn't agree in gender/number with the word.
  • Guess the referent without substituting it back to check.
  • Answer with the reference word itself instead of the noun it points to.
Agreement is your check: If your chosen referent doesn't agree in gender and number with the reference word, it's the wrong one. « Les » needs a plural noun ; « le » needs a masculine singular noun. Let agreement guide you.

Try an IB Exam Question — Free AI Feedback

Test yourself on Reference words. Write your answer and get instant AI feedback — just like a real IB examiner.

Paul a trouvé une montre dans la rue. Il l'a tout de suite apportée au commissariat le plus proche, parce qu'il pensait que son propriétaire la cherchait.

Lisez le texte. Écrivez à quoi se rapporte le mot souligné « la » dans « Il l'a tout de suite apportée au commissariat ». Répondez en français. [1 mark]

Related French B HL Topics

Continue learning with these related topics from the same unit:

6.1.1Format & rubric
6.2.1Multiple choice
6.2.2True/False + justify
6.2.3Vocabulary in context
View all French B HL topics

Improve your exam technique

Command terms, paper structure, and mark-scheme tips for French B HL

Previous
6.2.6Sentence completion
Next
Short answer6.2.8

15 practice questions on Reference words

Students who practiced this topic on Aimnova scored 82% on average. Try free practice questions and get instant AI feedback.

Try 3 Free QuestionsView All French B HL Topics