Pronouns & structures
Practice Flashcards
el pronombre de objeto
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All Flashcards in Topic 3.4
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3.4.114 cards
el pronombre de objeto
object pronoun (replaces a noun already mentioned)
el objeto directo (OD)
direct object — lo, la, los, las (what/whom the action falls on)
el objeto indirecto (OI)
indirect object — le, les (to/for whom)
OD: lo / la
it (him/her as direct object): «lo veo», «la veo»
OD plural: los / las
them (as direct object): «los veo», «las veo»
OI: le / les
to him/her/you (sing.) / to them (le, les)
me / te / nos / os
me / you / us / you-all (same for direct and indirect)
Lo veo.
I see it (pronoun before the conjugated verb)
Voy a verlo.
I'm going to see it (pronoun attached to the infinitive)
¡Míralo!
Look at it! (pronoun attached to an affirmative command)
Where does an object pronoun go?
Before a conjugated verb («lo veo»), or attached to an infinitive/gerund/affirmative command («verlo», «viéndolo», «míralo»).
When two pronouns appear, what is the order?
Indirect before direct — «me lo das», «te la mando».
What happens with «le/les» + «lo/la/los/las»?
The indirect «le/les» turns into «se»: «se lo doy», never «le lo doy».
What is the most common object-pronoun error?
Wrong order (lo te), forgetting le→se (le lo), or putting the pronoun after a conjugated verb (veo lo).
3.4.214 cards
el verbo reflexivo
reflexive verb — the subject acts on itself (levantarse, ducharse)
el pronombre reflexivo
reflexive pronoun — me, te, se, nos, os, se
levantarse → yo
me levanto (I get up)
levantarse → tú
te levantas (you get up)
levantarse → él / ella
se levanta (he/she gets up)
levantarse → nosotros
nos levantamos (we get up)
levantarse → ellos / ustedes
se levantan (they/you-all get up)
despertarse / ducharse / vestirse
to wake up / to shower / to get dressed
acostarse
to go to bed (me acuesto, se acuesta)
sentirse
to feel (a state): «me siento contento» (I feel happy)
What is a reflexive verb?
A verb whose subject acts on itself; the infinitive ends in «-se» and it takes a reflexive pronoun (me, te, se…).
Where does the reflexive pronoun go?
Before a conjugated verb («me levanto»), or attached to an infinitive/gerund/affirmative command («levantarme», «levantándome», «levántate»).
What does the reciprocal «se» mean?
It means *each other*: «se quieren» = they love each other, «se escriben» = they write to each other.
What is the most common reflexive error?
Dropping the pronoun («levanto a las siete» instead of «me levanto»), a pronoun/subject mismatch, or wrong placement.
3.4.314 cards
para (propósito)
for / in order to — purpose, goal: «para aprender»
para (destinatario)
for — recipient: «un regalo para ti»
para (plazo)
by — deadline: «para el lunes»
para (destino)
for / towards — destination: «salgo para Madrid»
para (opinión)
in my opinion — «para mí, es difícil»
por (causa)
because of — cause/reason: «por el tráfico»
por (precio)
for — exchange/price: «por diez euros»
por (duración)
for — duration: «por dos horas»
por (a través de)
through / along — movement: «por el parque»
gracias por / por eso
thanks for / that's why — fixed «por» phrases
How do you choose between por and para?
Ask if it's a goal/destination/recipient (→ para) or a reason/price/duration/route (→ por).
What is the «in order to» test?
If «in order to» fits before the English, use «para» + infinitive: «estudio para aprobar».
Give two fixed phrases with «por».
«gracias por» (thanks for) and «por eso» (that's why); also «por favor».
What is the most common por/para error?
Swapping them — «estudio por el examen» (should be «para») vs «estudio por la noche» (time); and «gracias para» (should be «por»).
3.4.414 cards
el comparativo
comparative — compares two things (más/menos/tan)
más … que
more … than: «más alto que» (taller than)
menos … que
less … than: «menos caro que» (cheaper than)
tan … como
as … as (quality): «tan alto como» (as tall as)
tanto/-a/-os/-as … como
as much/many … as (quantity): «tantos libros como»
el / la más … de
the most … of/in (superlative): «el más alto de la clase»
bueno → mejor
good → better: «mejor que»
malo → peor
bad → worse: «peor que»
grande → mayor
big/older → bigger/older: «mayor que»
pequeño → menor
small/younger → smaller/younger: «menor que»
How do you compare two things in Spanish?
más/menos + adjective + que (more/less than), or tan + adjective + como (as … as).
How do you say equality of a quantity?
tanto/tanta/tantos/tantas + noun + como: «tengo tantos libros como tú».
Why is «más bueno» wrong?
«bueno» has an irregular comparative «mejor»; you use «mejor que», never «más bueno» (or «más mejor»).
What is the most common comparative error?
«más bueno» for «mejor», «más mejor» (already comparative), and using «que» for equality (should be «como»).
Topic 3.4 study notes
Full notes & explanations for Pronouns & structures
Spanish B exam skills
Paper structures, command terms & tips
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