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What are the four main obstacles popular movements faced (topic 9.3)?
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9.3.112 cards
What are the four main obstacles popular movements faced (topic 9.3)?
Political opposition, divisions within the movement, violent opposition, and resilience of traditional ideas.
Co-optation
When a government offers limited concessions to reduce pressure for bigger change, diverting a movement's energy.
COINTELPRO
A secret FBI programme (from the 1950s–1970s) that surveilled and disrupted activist groups, including wiretapping Martin Luther King Jr.
What happened at Birmingham, Alabama in 1963?
Police commissioner Bull Connor ordered fire hoses and attack dogs turned on peaceful child and teenage civil rights marchers.
What happened on 'Bloody Sunday' in Selma, 1965?
State troopers violently beat unarmed voting-rights marchers with clubs as they tried to cross the Edmund Pettus Bridge.
Explain the split between the SCLC and Black Power in the US Civil Rights Movement.
The SCLC (King) favoured non-violent protest within the system; Black Power (Carmichael) favoured self-defence and separate Black-led organising, frustrated by slow progress.
Suffragists vs suffragettes — what was the difference?
Suffragists (NUWSS, Fawcett) used peaceful lobbying and petitions; suffragettes (WSPU, Pankhurst) used direct action like window-smashing and hunger strikes.
Why did the British government's force-feeding of suffragettes backfire?
Public horror at the treatment of imprisoned women built sympathy for the movement and pressure for reform, similar to reactions to Birmingham in the US.
How does the anti-apartheid movement illustrate the same four obstacles?
Apartheid laws banned the ANC (political opposition); Sharpeville (1960) and Soweto (1976) showed violent state repression; the movement split over non-violence vs armed struggle (Umkhonto we Sizwe, 1961).
Process: how to structure a Paper 2 answer comparing how movements were challenged.
Name the obstacle, give a specific dated example, link it to one of the four concepts, then compare what was similar and different across two regions.
Why is 'resilience of traditional ideas' a distinct obstacle from government opposition?
It refers to slow-changing attitudes among ordinary people (e.g. belief women belonged only in the home), not official laws or force — cultural resistance can outlast legal change.
Compare the type of violent opposition faced in the US Civil Rights Movement and the British suffrage movement.
US: direct police violence against marchers (dogs, hoses, clubs). Britain: violence inflicted within the prison system (force-feeding of hunger strikers) rather than on the streets.
Topic 9.3 study notes
Full notes & explanations for How were popular movements challenged?
History (2028+) exam skills
Paper structures, command terms & tips
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