Doughnut economics
Big idea: A model shaped like a doughnut. The aim: live in the 'dough' — a space that is safe for the planet and fair for people.
The two rings
- Inner ring — social foundation: everyone's basic needs are met (food, water, health, education, housing). Fall into the hole = people go without.
- Outer ring — ecological ceiling: Earth's limits (the planetary boundaries). Go past it = we overshoot and damage the planet.
Goal: meet everyone's needs WITHOUT overshooting Earth's limits — that safe-and-fair space is the doughnut.
Uses: combines social AND environmental goals; popular with cities. Limitations: broad principles — hard to turn into exact policies.
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