What was normal changes: Thirty years ago, people smoked in restaurants and took a new plastic bag with every shop. Today most would find both odd.
Perspectives, and the beliefs behind them, change over time in every society. What one generation sees as normal, the next may see as wrong.
Smoking
- Once normal indoors.
- Now banned in most public places.
Littering
- Once common.
- Now seen as antisocial.
Plastic bags
- Once free and everywhere.
- Now paid for, and reused.
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A behaviour-time graph shows a change like this. Time runs along the bottom; the behaviour goes up the side.
Animated graph
Watch the graph build step by step in study mode.
Reading the graph
- What is measured? Bags per person.
- Trend: flat, then falling fast.
- When does it turn? 2015.
- Why? Link the turn to an event: the charge.
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Campaigns are a deliberate push to change what people think and do.
Government campaigns
- Laws and charges, e.g. England's 5p bag charge.
- Public-information adverts, e.g. anti-littering posters.
NGO campaigns
- Charities and pressure groups.
- e.g. beach clean-ups and petitions against plastic.
How campaigns work: They give information, stir emotion, create social pressure, or change what is cheap and easy. The best use several at once.
Views also shift without any campaign, as society itself changes.
Generations
- Young people who grew up with climate news are often more concerned.
Education
- More years of schooling spread scientific understanding.
Where people live
- Moving to cities changes daily life, from food to transport.
Traditional lifestyles: In some indigenous communities, traditional ways of living are being replaced by modern ones, and views of nature change with them.
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How this comes up: A graph of a behaviour over time: describe the trend, then suggest what changed it.
A behaviour-time graph shows plastic bag use in a country fell from 140 to 25 bags per person in the two years after a bag charge was introduced. Suggest how the charge changed people's perspective on plastic bags.
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See the mark-by-mark plan — for / against / judgement, with marking guidance — in study mode.
Why one point per paragraph?: Each point earns [1]. Separate paragraphs make every mark easy for the marker to find.