Age-sex pyramids at Higher Level: The same ideas as SL, with different examples: Nigeria, Uganda, Cuba, Qatar and Montserrat. At HL, expect to read a pyramid closely, explain every feature and draw how an event changes it.
Practise this as you read
- Describe the base, middle and top before explaining them.
- Link each feature to births, deaths or migration.
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A population in one picture: An age-sex pyramid models the composition of a population. You can compare two populations by putting their pyramids side by side.
The points to remember
- A pyramid is a model of a population's composition: males and females in each age group.
- Age groups go up the middle in 5-year bands, youngest at the bottom.
- Males on the left, females on the right.
- Bar length is an absolute number (e.g. thousands) or a percentage of the total population.
- Percentages let you compare countries of different sizes; absolute numbers show the real size.
- Each bar is a cohort: in 5 years' time it moves up one band.
Remember it as: Young at the bottom, old at the top; men left, women right.
Real example: Nigeria has about 230 million people, and more than 40% are under 15. Each bar is a cohort: today's huge 0-4 bar will be the 5-9 bar in five years' time.
Read the scale first: Check whether the bars show thousands of people or a percentage. To compare a large and a small country, use percentages.
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The outline of a pyramid shows whether a population is growing, steady or shrinking. There are three basic shapes.
The points to remember
- Expanding: wide base, concave sides, narrow top: high births, high deaths, a young population.
- Stationary: straight sides until old age: low births, low deaths, long life expectancy.
- Contracting: base narrower than the middle, wide top: births below replacement, an ageing population.
- Describe in order: base, middle, top, then any bulge or notch, and the sexes.
- Describe first (what you see), then explain (why).
Real examples: Uganda (expanding: nearly half the people are under 15), Sweden (stationary), Italy (contracting: about 24% are 65 or over, and women have about 1.2 children).
Concave, not just narrow: Say how the sides curve: 'concave sides' (bending inwards) mean many people die at each age, as in an expanding pyramid.
To explain a shape, take each feature in turn and give the reason for it. One feature with its reason is one point.
The points to remember
- Narrow base = a falling birth rate: women's education and careers, contraception, the cost of children.
- Also for a narrow base: lower child mortality (fewer births needed), less child labour, anti-natalist policies.
- Wider middle = people born when birth rates were higher, now moving up.
- Wider top = longer life expectancy from better health care and living conditions.
- More women than men at the top: women outlive men.
- A notch in the young adult bars = young people emigrated.
Remember it as: Base = births, top = life expectancy, notches = people leaving.
Real example: in Cuba women have about 1.4 children, life expectancy is high, and hundreds of thousands of young adults emigrated in 2022 and 2023 in an economic crisis.
Feature AND reason: 'The birth rate is falling' alone is not enough: say why (women's education, contraception, the cost of children). And 'education' must be women's education or sex education.
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Migration, wars, disasters and baby booms leave marks on a pyramid. Migration changes the working ages most, because most migrants are young adults looking for work.
The points to remember
- Emigration of working-age adults cuts the 20-44 bars: the sides go concave there.
- Often more men leave, so the male side is cut more.
- Fewer young adults means fewer births: the 0-4 bar shrinks a little later.
- Immigration of workers adds a bulge in the working ages, often mostly men.
- A baby boom makes a bulge that moves up; a war or epidemic cuts a notch.
Real example: in Qatar about seven in ten residents are men, because hundreds of thousands of men come from South Asia to work in construction, mostly without their families.
Drawing a pyramid after an event
- Keep the same axes and labels: age groups, male, female, the population scale.
- Copy the original shape, then change only the bars the event affects.
- Show the change clearly: much shorter bars where people left.
A pyramid also lets you predict. Today's large cohorts are tomorrow's parents and, later, the elderly, so the shape tells you what comes next.
The points to remember
- Large young cohorts will reach child-bearing age, so the population keeps growing for a while.
- A narrowing base means fewer future parents: slower growth later.
- Fertility may fall below replacement (about 2.1 children per woman).
- More people reaching old age: an ageing population and a higher average age.
- More older people for each person of working age to support.
- When births and deaths become equal, the population becomes stable.
Remember it as: Today's children are tomorrow's parents and, later, the old.
Real example: Iran's birth rate was very high in the 1980s, then fell fast: by 2000 women had about 2 children each. The 1980s bulge will make Iran one of the fastest-ageing countries.
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To compare two pyramids, describe each difference, then give its reason in the same sentence.
The points to remember
- Describe the difference, then give its reason: one point each.
- Wider base: more births, from little contraception, less education for women, and farm work.
- Wider top: lower death rates, because of better health care and sanitation.
- Notches or bulges: migration, policies such as an anti-natalist law, wars.
- Check the units: one pyramid may be in millions, the other in thousands.
Real example: Uganda's base is far wider than Italy's because Ugandan women have about 4.5 children, mostly in rural families where children help on the farm, while Italian women have about 1.2. Italy's top is wider because life expectancy is about 83, against about 63 in Uganda.
Not a reason: 'It is less developed', 'it has more land' and 'a healthier lifestyle' alone do not explain a difference. Name the cause: contraception, women's education, health care, farm work or policy.
Planners use pyramids to see what a population will need. A pyramid is also a model, with strengths and limits.
The points to remember
- Young pyramid: more schools, food, jobs and homes needed soon.
- Ageing pyramid: more health care, pensions and care homes; fewer schools.
- Stabilising: little extra demand for resources.
- Births still above deaths: still growing, so pressure on resources rises.
- Emigration: less demand; tourists and temporary workers: more water and land.
Young pyramid
- More schools and teachers
- More food and clean water
- Jobs and homes in 15 years
Ageing pyramid
- More health care and care homes
- More pensions
- Fewer schools and workers
Real example: Uganda must build schools and create jobs for a fast-growing young population, while Italy spends more on pensions and health care for its elderly.
The pyramid as a model
- Strength: shows the whole structure at a glance.
- Strength: lets you compare places and years, and plan future needs.
- Limit: a snapshot of one year; it does not show the causes.
- Limit: 5-year bands hide detail; migrants are mixed in with everyone else.
Not just 'more people': 'More people use more resources' alone is not enough: name the age group and the resource, e.g. 'fewer children, so fewer school places are needed'.
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How this comes up: Paper 1: a pyramid before an event. Draw the pyramid after it [2].
Figure 1 shows the age-sex pyramid for Montserrat, a small Caribbean island, in 1991. From 1995 the Soufriere Hills volcano erupted and buried the capital, Plymouth. By 2001 about two-thirds of the people had left, mostly working-age adults and their children.
Draw an age-sex pyramid for Montserrat in 2001 to show the effect of this emigration.
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