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NotesSpanish B HLTopic 6.2Reference words
Back to Spanish B HL Topics
6.2.74 min read

Reference words (Spanish B HL)

IB Spanish B · Unit 6

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Contents

  1. 1What reference words are
  2. 2Find the reference step by step
  3. 3In action
  4. 4Common errors
What it is: A word like lo, quien or ellos replaces a noun. You copy that noun as it appears in the text.
The instruction on the paper: ¿A quién o a qué se refieren las palabras subrayadas? Contesta usando las palabras tal como aparecen en el texto. → Who or what do the underlined words refer to? Answer with the words exactly as they appear in the text.
El abuelo del puerto: Mi abuelo pasó cuarenta años en el mar. Cuando por fin se jubiló, compró una casa frente al puerto, porque decía que no podía dormir sin oír las olas. Todas las tardes bajaba al muelle a charlar con los pescadores, que lo trataban como a un maestro. Les contaba historias de tormentas y de puertos lejanos, y ellos le traían a cambio el mejor pescado del día.

Example: who or what?

The question

  1. ¿A quién o a qué se refieren las palabras subrayadas? Contesta usando las palabras tal como aparecen en el texto. …que lo trataban como a un maestro…
¿A quién…?
who…? (a person)
¿A qué…?
what…? (a thing or idea)
se refieren
refer to
las palabras subrayadas
the underlined words
…lo trataban… (línea 9)
the underlined word, with its line
Remember: Check sense, not only gender: swap the noun in and read the sentence.

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Four steps

1

Find the word

Use the line number.

2

Look back

Sometimes one or two sentences.

3

Check agreement

Gender, number and person.

4

Swap and copy

It must make sense; copy it exactly.

Find → Look back → Agree → Swap

WordUsually points to
lo / la / los / lasa thing or a person
le / lesa person
quien / quienesthe person just before
allí / dondea place
esto / eso / lo cuala whole idea
su / susthe owner

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La fotógrafa de los glaciares: Durante quince años, Ana Ruiz ha fotografiado los mismos glaciares de los Andes. Al comparar el antes y el después, el cambio resulta evidente: algunos han perdido la mitad de su superficie. Ella insiste en que no es una activista, sino una testigo. Sin embargo, sus fotografías se han convertido en una herramienta para quienes luchan contra el cambio climático, y varias organizaciones las usan en sus campañas.

Example: two nouns fit

The question

  1. ¿A quién o a qué se refieren las palabras subrayadas? Contesta usando las palabras tal como aparecen en el texto. …varias organizaciones las usan…
Swap to check: Two nouns can fit the grammar. Swap each one in: only one makes sense.

Do

  • Look back one or two sentences.
  • Check gender, number and sense.
  • Copy the noun exactly.

Don't

  • Answer with the pronoun itself.
  • Take the nearest noun without swapping.
  • Explain in your own words.

IB Exam Questions on Reference words

Practice with IB-style questions filtered to Topic 6.2.7. Get instant AI feedback on every answer.

Practice Topic 6.2.7 QuestionsBrowse All Spanish B HL Topics

How Reference words Appears in IB Exams

Examiners use specific command terms when asking about this topic. Here's what to expect:

  • Define

    Give the precise meaning of key terms related to Reference words.

    AO1
  • Describe

    Give a detailed account of processes or features in Reference words.

    AO2
  • Explain

    Give reasons WHY — cause and effect within Reference words.

    AO3
  • Evaluate

    Weigh strengths AND limitations of approaches in Reference words.

    AO3
  • Discuss

    Present arguments FOR and AGAINST with a balanced conclusion.

    AO3

See the full IB Command Terms guide

Related Spanish B HL Topics

Continue learning with these related topics from the same unit:

6.1.1Format & rubric6.2.1Multiple choice6.2.2True/False + justify6.2.3Vocabulary in context
View all Spanish B HL topics
Improve your exam techniqueCommand terms, paper structure, and mark-scheme tips for Spanish B HL
Previous6.2.6Sentence completionNextShort answer6.2.8

3 practice questions on Reference words

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