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Question
What is dual processing theory?
Answer
The idea that thinking uses two systems — fast, automatic System 1 and slow, effortful System 2.
Question
What is System 1?
Answer
Fast, automatic, effortless thinking — instant judgements and routine tasks.
Question
What is System 2?
Answer
Slow, deliberate, effortful thinking — logic, reasoning and new problems.
Question
Where do many biases come from?
Answer
System 1 shortcuts that answer before System 2 checks.
Question
Give an example of System 1 misfiring.
Answer
The bat-and-ball puzzle: System 1 says '10p', but the answer is 5p.
Question
Why is bias called 'efficiency backfiring'?
Answer
System 1 shortcuts are usually helpful and fast; they only mislead in tricky situations.
Question
One strength of dual processing theory?
Answer
It explains a huge range of biases and is supported by reasoning and reaction-time studies.
Question
One limitation of dual processing theory?
Answer
The 'two systems' may be a metaphor, not two literal parts of the brain.
Question
Is System 1 'bad'?
Answer
No — it is fast and usually right; the skill is knowing when to slow down.
Question
Which concept does it link to?
Answer
Bias — System 1 shortcuts produce systematic errors.
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Topic 2.2 hub
Cognitive approach
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