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All 10 Flashcards — Correlation vs causation
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Question
What is a correlation?
Answer
A finding that two things tend to change together (rise or fall in step).
Question
What is causation?
Answer
When one thing makes another happen. It is a stronger claim than correlation.
Question
Why is 'correlation is not causation' important?
Answer
Two things can move together without one causing the other, so causal claims need more than a correlation.
Question
What is a third variable?
Answer
A hidden factor that causes both of the things measured. Hot weather raises ice-cream sales and drownings.
Question
What is reverse causation?
Answer
The direction is the opposite of what was assumed: B leads to A, not A to B.
Question
Which method can show causation?
Answer
An experiment: it changes one thing on purpose and keeps everything else the same.
Question
Why can't a correlational study show cause?
Answer
It cannot rule out third variables or reverse causation, or control other factors.
Question
Give an example of a misleading correlation.
Answer
Towns with more churches have more crime. Both come from a bigger population, a third variable.
Question
Where does causality come up in the exam?
Answer
It is one of four concepts in the 15-mark question on a study you are given, and it can be asked about your class practical.
Question
What is a correlation good for, then?
Answer
Spotting a real link that is worth testing properly with an experiment.
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Full study notes for Correlation vs causation
Topic 1.2 hub
Causality
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Psychology exam skills
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