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NotesItalian B HLTopic 8.2Analysing a literary extract
Back to Italian B HL Topics
8.2.13 min read

Analysing a literary extract

IB Italian B • Unit 8

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Contents

  • What close reading is
  • The three-question method
  • A worked analysis
  • Structuring your analysis
  • Common pitfalls

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Your oral is built on one extract: At HL only, your literary individual oral is built on a short extract from one of the two works you study. The examiner doesn't want a plot summary — they want you to read closely: notice how a few details carry the meaning, and say what they do. This micro gives you a repeatable method for analysing any short extract.
Close reading ≠ retelling: Retelling says what happens («Marta fa colazione e guarda l'orologio»). Close reading notices how it's written and what it suggests («l'orologio fermo alle tre e un quarto simboleggia una famiglia paralizzata dal dolore»). The oral rewards the second, never the first.
il brano / l'estratto
the extract / passage
la lettura ravvicinata / l'analisi del testo
close reading / textual analysis
l'analisi / l'interpretazione
the analysis / interpretation
il mezzo (letterario) / la figura retorica
the (literary) device / figure of speech
il tono
the tone
la voce narrante / il narratore
the narrative voice / narrator
il simbolo
the symbol
l'effetto
the effect
Why this matters: A confident close reading turns a few sentences into several minutes of discussion. The examiner expects tema, voce narrante/stile ed effetto drawn from the extract — and a method means you never freeze in front of a fresh passage.
Three questions, every time: Whatever the extract, ask the same three questions in order. They take you from the surface (what happens) to the depth (what it means) — exactly the order the oral should follow.

The method — 3 steps

1

Che cosa succede? (what happens)

The situation in one or two sentences: who, where, what. This grounds you — but it is only the start, never the whole answer.

2

Come è scritto? (how it's written)

The voice (prima/terza persona), the tone (malinconico, ironico…) and the devices: a sensory detail, a short sentence, a repetition, a symbol. Quote them.

3

Che cosa significa? (what it means)

The theme and the effect: what does the writing make us feel or understand? Link a device you quoted to the meaning.

Che cosa succede? → Come è scritto? → Che cosa significa?

Question (Italian)What you produce
Che cosa succede?A one-line situation — the what, not the whole plot.
Come è scritto?Voice + tone + one or two devices, each quoted from the text.
Che cosa significa?The theme and the effect — device linked to meaning.
Spend most time on the last two: «Che cosa succede?» should take one sentence. The marks live in «Come?» and «Che cosa significa?» — the how and the why. Most weak orals get stuck on «Che cosa succede?» and never reach the analysis.

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The method on a real extract: Read this short ORIGINAL fragment of an (invented) novel once for the situation, then tap Mostra traduzione if you need it. Then we'll run the three questions together, exactly as you'd open the oral.
Brano — «L'orologio fermo»: L'orologio della cucina si era fermato alle tre e un quarto, e nessuno lo aveva più rimesso in movimento. Marta lo guardava ogni mattina mentre faceva colazione da sola, e ogni mattina decideva che quello era il giorno in cui lo avrebbe riparato.

Ma alle tre e un quarto, diceva sempre sua madre prima di uscire, era arrivata la lettera. E alle tre e un quarto l'orologio restava fermo, come se tutta la casa avesse trattenuto il fiato e ora non sapesse più come lasciarlo andare.

Marta finì il caffè. La lancetta dei secondi era immobile. «Domani», pensò, e mise da parte il pensiero, intatto, per il giorno seguente.
fermarsi
to stop (of a clock); to come to a standstill
rimettere in movimento un orologio
to set a clock going again
la lancetta dei secondi
the second hand (of a clock)
trattenere il fiato
to hold one's breath
lasciare andare
to let go / release
intatto
untouched / intact

IB-style task — analizza il brano con il metodo

Che succede → Come → Che significa, passo dopo passo

  1. Che cosa succede? (what happens). Marta fa colazione da sola e guarda l'orologio della cucina, fermo alle tre e un quarto, che non ripara mai. È tutto ciò che accade — una sola frase. Now we move to the analysis.
  2. Come è scritto? (how — voice & tone). Un narratore in terza persona («Marta lo guardava»), il tono è malinconico. The key device is a symbol: the stopped clock. Nota la ripetizione «alle tre e un quarto» e la personificazione «come se tutta la casa avesse trattenuto il fiato».
  3. Che cosa significa? (what it means — theme & effect). The stopped clock is a symbol of a family frozen in grief: time froze when «era arrivata la lettera» (bad news). «Domani», e mette da parte il pensiero «intatto» shows she postpones living — the theme is il dolore e la paralisi (grief and paralysis). The effect: the quiet, everyday scene feels heavy with loss.
Close-reading technique: Always: name the device (a symbol, a repetition, a short sentence), quote it, then say what it does. «Mezzo → citazione → effetto» (device → quotation → effect) is the engine of every good comment.
From method to a spoken structure: The three questions give you a ready-made structure for the oral. Open with the situation, then build paragraph by paragraph through device → quotation → effect, and close on the theme.

A structure you can speak — 4 steps

1

Colloca il brano

One or two sentences: who, where, and where the passage sits in the work. «Questo brano mostra Marta sola, dopo la perdita…».

2

Analizza il come

Take the strongest device first. Name it, quote it, explain its effect. Then a second device. «Il narratore usa un simbolo: l'orologio fermo…».

3

Collega al tema

Connect the devices to the central theme of the work. «Tutto questo sviluppa il tema del dolore…».

4

Concludi

One sentence on the effect on the reader. «L'effetto è una tristezza sommessa che pervade il quotidiano».

Collocare → Analizzare il come → Collegare al tema → Concludere

Sentence starters for the oral

  • Per collocare: «In questo brano … / Il testo presenta …».
  • Per il mezzo: «L'autore / il narratore usa … (un simbolo, una metafora, una ripetizione)».
  • Per citare: «Per esempio, quando dice „…“…».
  • Per l'effetto: «Questo crea / suggerisce / trasmette…».
  • Per il tema: «In questo modo il brano sviluppa il tema …».
Quote, then interpret: Never leave a quotation hanging. Every «citazione» must be followed by a «quindi…» — what it shows. A quotation without an effect is description, not analysis.

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Analyse, don't just retell the plot: The single biggest fault in a literary oral is retelling the plot instead of analysing the extract. Compare the habits that score with the ones that don't.

Fai così (do)

  • Colloca in una frase, poi analizza il come e il perché.
  • Nomina il mezzo, citalo e spiega il suo effetto.
  • Collega ogni dettaglio al tema centrale dell'opera.
  • Parla del narratore, non dell'autore.

Evita questo (avoid)

  • Riassumere tutta la trama («succede questo, poi quello»).
  • Citare senza spiegare quale effetto crea la citazione.
  • Dire che l'autore è l'«io» (confondere narratore e autore).
  • Nominare i mezzi senza mostrarli nel testo.
The retelling trap: If your sentences all start «E poi…» / «Dopo…», you are retelling, not analysing. Switch to «Il narratore usa… / Questo suggerisce…». One sentence of che cosa succede is enough — spend the rest on come and che cosa significa.

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Il treno partì con dieci minuti di ritardo, e a Lucia parve che il mondo intero aspettasse insieme a lei. Attraverso il finestrino, il binario si riempì di mani che salutavano altri, non lei. Nessuno era venuto a vederla partire. Stringeva il biglietto fra le dita come chi si aggrappa a una decisione di cui non è ancora sicuro.

Leggi il brano e rispondi in italiano: che cosa suggerisce il dettaglio che il binario si riempie di mani che salutano «altri, non lei»? [2 marks]

Related Italian B HL Topics

Continue learning with these related topics from the same unit:

8.1.1Reading a literary work
8.1.2Themes and characters
8.1.3Narrative voice and style
8.2.2The HL individual oral
View all Italian B HL topics

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