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NotesItalian B HLTopic 3.3The subjunctive (congiuntivo)
Back to Italian B HL Topics
3.3.23 min read

The subjunctive (congiuntivo)

IB Italian B • Unit 3

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Contents

  • What it is
  • The forms
  • When to use it
  • In action
  • Common errors
The mood of opinion, doubt and wish: The subjunctive (il congiuntivo) is a mood, not a tense. You use it when a sentence is not a plain fact but an opinion, a wish, a doubt, an emotion or a possibility — usually in a clause introduced by che after a first verb like penso, voglio, spero, è importante. Compare «So che è vero» (I know it is true — a fact, indicative) with «Penso che sia vero» (I think it is true — an opinion, subjunctive sia).
il modo (indicativo / congiuntivo)
the mood — indicative states facts, subjunctive states opinions/wishes/doubts
il congiuntivo presente
the present subjunctive — the form you focus on at SL
la proposizione principale
the main clause — the first verb (penso, spero, credo…)
la proposizione subordinata
the subordinate clause — introduced by «che», where the subjunctive lives
il verbo di opinione / desiderio
a verb of opinion or wish that triggers the subjunctive (pensare, volere, sperare)
l'espressione impersonale
an impersonal expression (è importante che, bisogna che, è possibile che) — also a trigger
Why it carries the marks: The subjunctive is the single clearest sign of an upper-level answer. Using «Penso che sia…» correctly, instead of the flat «Penso che è…», lifts your Criterion A (Language) range and accuracy. Examiners notice it at once in the oral and in Paper 1.
Two endings, one thing to watch: Take the stem (the infinitive minus -are/-ere/-ire) and add the present-subjunctive endings. -are verbs take -i, -i, -i, -iamo, -iate, -ino; -ere and -ire verbs take -a, -a, -a, -iamo, -iate, -ano. Because the three singular persons are identical (che io parli, che tu parli, che lui parli), you almost always add the subject pronoun to be clear. -isc- verbs like finire keep the infix: che io finisca.
Personaparlare (-are)prendere (-ere)finire (-isc-)
che ioparliprendafinisca
che tuparliprendafinisca
che lui / leiparliprendafinisca
che noiparliamoprendiamofiniamo
che voiparliateprendiatefiniate
che loroparlinoprendanofiniscano
The four you must memorise: Four everyday verbs are irregular and come up constantly, so learn them by heart: essere → sia, siamo, siate, siano; avere → abbia, abbiamo, abbiate, abbiano; fare → faccia, facciamo, facciate, facciano; andare → vada, andiamo, andiate, vadano. Because the singular forms all look the same, keep the pronoun: «che io sia», «che tu sia», «che lui sia».

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Learn the triggers, not a rule for every «che»: The subjunctive is triggered by the meaning of the first verb or expression, not by the word «che» alone. The three big groups are opinion/doubt (penso, credo, dubito che), wish/emotion (voglio, spero, mi dispiace che) and impersonal expressions (è importante, bisogna, è possibile che). A short list of conjunctions also demands it: benché, affinché, prima che, a meno che.

Triggers of the subjunctive

  • Opinion & doubt — «Penso che tu abbia ragione.» (I think you're right.)
  • Wish & emotion — «Spero che vengano alla festa.» (I hope they come to the party.)
  • Impersonal expressions — «È importante che noi rispettiamo le regole.» (It's important that we respect the rules.)
  • Conjunctions — «Benché piova, esco lo stesso.» (Although it's raining, I'm still going out.)
  • Doubt vs certainty — «Non credo che sia facile» (subjunctive) vs «So che è facile» (indicative fact).
Same subject? Use «di» + infinitive: If the subject is the same in both clauses, you do not use «che» + subjunctive — you use «di» + the infinitive: «Penso di avere ragione» (I think I'm right), not «penso che io abbia». You only switch to the subjunctive when the two subjects differ: «Penso che tu abbia ragione» (I think you are right).
An opinion built with the subjunctive: Here is a short opinion paragraph built one sentence at a time. Each sentence uses the present subjunctive after a trigger — note debba, vogliano, facciano, sia, diventi all follow a verb of opinion, wish or a conjunction. Read it once for meaning, then tap Mostra traduzione for the English or 🔊 to hear it.

IB-style task — il congiuntivo in azione

Un'opinione, frase per frase

  1. Penso che la nostra città debba fare di più per l'ambiente.
  2. Credo che molti giovani vogliano cambiare le cose, ma che non sappiano da dove cominciare.
  3. È importante che tutti facciano la raccolta differenziata, anche se costa un po' di tempo.
  4. Benché il progetto sia difficile, spero che il comune lo approvi presto.
  5. Insomma, temo che senza il nostro aiuto il quartiere non diventi mai più verde.
Steal this for your oral: Notice how few patterns you need: open with «Penso che…» or «Credo che…», add an impersonal «È importante che…», join with «benché…» and close with «spero che…». Swap in your own topic and you have a ready-made opinion for the oral or a writing task — and a guaranteed subjunctive for Criterion A.

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The slips to watch for: Three mistakes dominate. 1. Using the indicative after a trigger («Penso che è vero» instead of penso che sia vero). 2. Forgetting the subjunctive after benché / prima che («benché è tardi» instead of benché sia tardi). 3. Using «che» + subjunctive when the subject is the same («Penso che io abbia ragione» instead of penso di avere ragione). Compare the right version with the typical mistake and the fix becomes clear.

Corretto

  • Penso che tu abbia ragione.
  • Benché sia tardi, usciamo.
  • Penso di avere ragione.

Errore frequente

  • Penso che tu hai ragione.
  • Benché è tardi, usciamo.
  • Penso che io abbia ragione.
Ask: opinion or fact? same subject or different?: Before you write the verb, do two quick checks. 1. Is the first verb an opinion/wish/doubt (penso, spero, dubito, è importante) or a fact (so, è vero)? Opinion → subjunctive; fact → indicative. 2. Are the two subjects different? If they're the same, use «di» + infinitive instead of «che» + subjunctive.

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Coniuga il verbo «essere» al congiuntivo presente in tutte e sei le persone (io, tu, lui/lei, noi, voi, loro). [2 marks]

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3.1.1Present tense (regular verbs)
3.1.2Irregular present verbs
3.1.3Reflexive verbs
3.1.4Modal verbs
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