Apartheid South Africa (1948–1964)

South Africa's system of enforced racial separation and white rule from 1948 to 1994. The word is Afrikaans for apartness.

By the National Party after it won the whites-only election of May 1948, under D.F. Malan.

The everyday, visible separation of races, such as separate benches, entrances and beaches.

The larger structures of separation, controlling where people could live, work and vote.

It classified every person into a racial group on a national register, which every other apartheid law then relied on.

It divided towns and cities into racial zones, later leading to families being forced out of their homes.

A law banning marriage across racial lines, showing the state controlling people's private and family lives.

It placed black schooling under government control and deliberately under-funded it, to prepare black children only for low-paid labour.

An identity document black South Africans had to carry to enter or move through white areas; without the right stamps they could be arrested.

If a law shapes where someone lives, works or votes it is grand; if it separates a bench, beach or entrance it is petty.

Give one value and one limitation, each tied to the source's origin, purpose or content (OPVL). Never just say it is biased.

It turned scattered, local discrimination into a single national system written into law.

The South African system of laws, built by the National Party after 1948, that separated people by race and gave power to whites.

A mass protest where about 8,000 volunteers broke apartheid laws peacefully and let themselves be arrested; it grew the ANC to around 100,000 members.

A document adopted at the Congress of the People in Kliptown that declared South Africa belongs to all who live in it, black and white.

Police opened fire on a peaceful anti-pass protest, killing 69 people; the government then banned the ANC and PAC.

The ANC's armed wing, meaning 'Spear of the Nation', formed in 1961 to carry out sabotage after peaceful protest was banned.

The trial after police raided a farm in Rivonia; on 12 June 1964 Mandela and seven others were sentenced to life in prison.

Protesting peacefully by breaking unjust laws on purpose, without using violence.

After Sharpeville the government banned the ANC and PAC, so legal peaceful protest was impossible; leaders felt sabotage was the only remaining option.

Peaceful protest (1952–1955), state crackdown (1960), then armed struggle (1961).

They built a mass movement and drew world attention, but did not end apartheid, and by 1964 the leaders were jailed.

A judgement: weigh how far something succeeded and reach a supported conclusion, not just a list.

The National Party, which won the South African election in 1948.

A system of laws in South Africa, built by the National Party from 1948, that separated people by race and gave power and privilege to the white minority.

The National Party, which won the whites-only election in 1948 and then passed the apartheid laws.

Prime minister from 1958 to 1966, often called the 'architect of apartheid' because he made the system far harsher.

The African National Congress, founded in 1912. It was the largest resistance movement and wanted a non-racial, democratic South Africa.

A document adopted by the ANC and its allies setting out a vision of a free, equal and non-racial South Africa shared by all its people.

The PAC broke away in 1959 under Robert Sobukwe. It wanted Africans alone to lead and rejected the ANC's non-racial approach and its allies.

During a PAC anti-pass protest, police opened fire on an unarmed crowd, killing about 69 people. It shocked the world.

After Sharpeville it declared a state of emergency and banned both the ANC and the PAC, forcing them underground.

The armed wing of the ANC, meaning 'Spear of the Nation', formed in 1961 to carry out a sabotage campaign after peaceful protest was banned.

The 1963–1964 trial of ANC leaders arrested at Rivonia. Nelson Mandela and seven others were sentenced to life imprisonment in June 1964.

Protest at Sharpeville → massacre → ANC and PAC banned → leaders go underground → MK launches armed struggle in 1961.

Purpose is why a source was made. A source written to persuade, like an ANC leaflet, is likely one-sided, which is a key limitation to weigh.