Effects of war

Peacemaking, territorial, political, economic, social and human cost (P-T-P-E-S-H).

The successes and failures of peace settlements (like Versailles) and the international organisations set up to keep the peace (the League of Nations, the United Nations).

The USA never joined, it had no army of its own, and it could not stop aggression in Manchuria, Abyssinia or the Rhineland. War returned by 1939.

Four empires collapsed and new states appeared — Poland, Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia. This also shifted the balance of power.

Payments a defeated country is forced to make for war damage. Germany was charged huge reparations at Versailles in 1919.

When war throws an economy out of shape — factories must switch back to peacetime goods, prices soar, and trade collapses.

Its strain helped cause the 1917 Russian Revolution, which overthrew the tsar and created the world's first communist state (regime change and revolution).

Millions took factory, farm and office jobs while men fought. This is linked to women winning the vote — Britain 1918, Germany 1919, USA 1920.

After both wars many women were pushed back into the home so returning soldiers could take the jobs, so the change was often partial and temporary.

Military casualties are soldiers killed or wounded; civilian casualties are ordinary people killed by bombing, hunger, disease or genocide.

WWI killed about 17 million, mostly soldiers. WWII killed around 60 million or more, mostly civilians — showing the rise of total war.

US funding that poured money into rebuilding Western Europe after 1945 — an example of post-war reconstruction.

In 1919 at the Paris Peace Conference; the most important treaty was the Treaty of Versailles, dealing with Germany.

Clemenceau (France) wanted Germany crushed; Wilson (USA) wanted a fair peace and a League of Nations; Lloyd George (Britain) took a middle path.

The 'war-guilt clause' — it forced Germany to accept blame for starting the war, which was used to justify heavy reparations.

The USA never joined, it had no army of its own, and the unanimity rule meant a single member could block any decision.

The German, Austro-Hungarian, Russian and Ottoman empires.

Poland, Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia, formed on the principle of self-determination.

Two revolutions: the first overthrew the Tsar; the second brought the communist Bolsheviks (Lenin) to power, creating the first communist state.

Payments the defeated powers (above all Germany) had to make to the winners to cover the damage caused by the war.

Women filled wartime jobs in factories, farms and offices; many countries then moved toward female suffrage — Britain and Germany 1918, USA 1920.

Around 9–10 million soldiers were killed, alongside millions of civilian deaths.

The 'Spanish flu' swept a war-weakened world as the war ended, killing tens of millions — in some estimates more than the war itself.

Much of the economic damage — reparations, debt, inflation — flowed directly from political decisions such as the Treaty of Versailles.

Meetings of the Big Three (USA, USSR, Britain) to plan the postwar world — Yalta in February and Potsdam in July–August 1945.

Roosevelt (USA), Stalin (USSR) and Churchill (Britain).

In October 1945, to replace the failed League of Nations and keep world peace — with the USA as a founding member.

Divided into four occupation zones (US, British, French, Soviet); Berlin was also split four ways.

The whole country shifted westward — it lost eastern land to the USSR and gained German land in the west.

A nation with overwhelming military, economic and global power — after WWII, the USA and the USSR.

With Hitler defeated, the USA and USSR — capitalist versus communist — became rivals over a divided Germany and Soviet-controlled Eastern Europe.

About 13 billion dollars of US aid to rebuild Western Europe, revive trade, and keep those countries out of communist hands.

Women filled men's jobs in factories, farms and services; though many were pushed back home after, it advanced arguments for equality.

An estimated 50–70 million or more deaths, the majority civilian, including around six million Jews in the Holocaust.

Trials of leading Nazis for war crimes and crimes against humanity — establishing that leaders could be held personally responsible.

It exhausted and bankrupted European empires and inspired independence movements, e.g. India's independence in 1947.