Violent and armed struggle
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Question
Define armed struggle.
Answer
Organised fighting against a ruling power with weapons in order to force it out and win independence.
Question
Define guerrilla warfare.
Answer
Hit-and-run fighting by small, mobile bands that ambush a larger army and then vanish — useful when you are weaker.
Question
Under what conditions did movements turn to violence?
Answer
When peaceful routes were blocked (reforms refused, leaders jailed, protests crushed) and the ruler was weak or distracted.
Question
What opened the way for the Spanish American Wars of Independence?
Answer
Napoleon's invasion of Spain in 1808 removed the king and weakened Spain's grip on its colonies.
Question
What happened at the Battle of Boyacá (1819)?
Answer
Bolívar crossed the Andes and defeated the Spanish in New Granada (Colombia), freeing the region.
Question
What did the Battle of Carabobo (1821) achieve?
Answer
A decisive victory that effectively secured Venezuelan independence and confirmed Bolívar's power in the north.
Question
Why was the Battle of Ayacucho (1824) decisive?
Answer
It destroyed the main Spanish army in South America and ended Spanish colonial rule on the continent.
Question
What was San Martín's boldest campaign?
Answer
Crossing the high Andes in 1817 to surprise and liberate Chile, then attacking Spanish-held Peru (Lima, 1821).
Question
What happened at the Guayaquil meeting (1822)?
Answer
Bolívar and San Martín met in secret; San Martín stepped aside and left the liberation of Peru to Bolívar.
Question
What was the Indian National Army (INA) under Bose?
Answer
An army Subhas Chandra Bose raised with Japanese help in WWII to invade British India and win independence by force.
Question
Did the INA succeed, and why did it still matter?
Answer
It failed militarily in 1944, but its 1945 trials sparked unrest that showed Britain its control was crumbling.
Question
What were the main costs and consequences of armed struggle?
Answer
Death and ruined economies, instability (caudillo strongmen), and division within movements — as with Bolívar and San Martín.
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Topic 13.2 hub
Methods and the achievement of independence
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