Non-violent methods: civil disobedience, negotiation and mass mobilisation
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Question
What is satyagraha?
Answer
Gandhi's philosophy of non-violent resistance, meaning 'truth-force' — holding firmly to the truth without harming your opponent.
Question
Define civil disobedience.
Answer
Deliberately refusing to obey a law you believe is unjust, and accepting arrest as a form of protest.
Question
Define mass mobilisation.
Answer
Drawing ordinary people — peasants, workers, women and students — into a movement through strikes, boycotts and non-cooperation.
Question
What was the Non-Cooperation Movement (1920–22)?
Answer
The first mass campaign, in which Indians boycotted British cloth, schools, courts and titles. Gandhi called it off after violence at Chauri Chaura.
Question
What was the Salt March (1930)?
Answer
Gandhi's 240-mile march to the sea to make salt and break the British salt monopoly; it launched the Civil Disobedience Movement.
Question
Why was the Salt March such an effective protest?
Answer
The salt tax hit every Indian, so anyone could join, and images of unarmed marchers being beaten made British rule look unjust worldwide.
Question
What was the Quit India Movement (1942)?
Answer
A wartime demand for immediate British withdrawal with the slogan 'Do or Die'; Britain responded by arresting the Congress leadership.
Question
What were the Round Table Conferences (1930–32)?
Answer
Three London conferences where Britain and Indians discussed India's future government — the negotiation track of peaceful pressure.
Question
What is a hartal?
Answer
A mass strike in which shops and businesses shut down in protest, used to paralyse cities during the independence movement.
Question
How did boycotts pressure the British?
Answer
Boycotting British cloth and goods hurt Britain's economy and made India expensive and difficult to govern.
Question
Were non-violent methods enough to win Indian independence on their own?
Answer
No — they were necessary but not sufficient. Britain's exhaustion and financial weakness after WWII were also decisive.
Question
What does the command term 'evaluate' require in a Paper 2 essay?
Answer
A balanced argument that weighs strengths against limits and reaches a clear, supported judgement — not a list.
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Topic 13.2 hub
Methods and the achievement of independence
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