Development of industrialization

Making goods in one large building where workers, machines and a single power source are concentrated under one roof, run by time discipline and division of labour.

Working to fixed hours set by the clock and the machine, often enforced by fines for lateness — a new idea the factory imposed on workers.

Breaking one job into small repeated steps done by different workers, so cheap, unskilled labour can be trained quickly and output rises.

Replacing human hand-work with machines, so skill sits in the machine and cheaper, less-skilled workers can run it.

Machines took over the skilled part of the job, so owners no longer paid for years of training — artisans lost work or took low-paid machine-tending jobs. Some (Luddites) smashed machines in protest.

Spinning jenny (1764), water frame (1769) and power loom (1785) — they mechanised cotton spinning and weaving.

Cotton textiles, coal and iron — cotton pioneered the powered factory, coal fuelled steam and furnaces, iron built machines and rails.

A later wave of growth from about the 1850s led by steel and chemicals, plus engineering and heavy industry.

An 1856 method for making cheap steel in large amounts by blasting air through molten iron — it drove a boom in engineering and heavy industry.

An entrepreneur who built water-powered cotton mills and organised capital, machinery and a disciplined workforce — often called the 'father of the factory system'.

A pottery maker who used division of labour in his workshops and pioneered marketing with catalogues, showrooms and royal endorsement.

No industry stood alone: coal powered iron-making and steam engines; iron and steam built the railways; railways carried more coal — a reinforcing chain of growth.

One of Britain's first industrial canals, built to carry coal from the Duke of Bridgewater's mines into Manchester. It roughly halved the price of coal in the city.

A man-made waterway dug for boats and barges to carry goods, especially heavy bulk cargo like coal.

One horse could tow tonnes of coal on water for a fraction of the cost of road carts, making cheap coal — and steam power — affordable.

George Stephenson's steam locomotive that won the Rainhill Trials, reaching about 30 mph and proving steam railways worked.

It was the world's first fully steam-powered inter-city railway, linking a port to a factory city and carrying both goods and huge numbers of passengers.

The rush of investment in the 1840s that laid thousands of miles of track, giving Britain a national rail network by about 1850.

Unlike sailing ships, steamships did not depend on the wind, so they crossed oceans reliably. This sped up world trade and let millions migrate to the Americas.

The fast growth of towns and cities as people move in from the countryside, often to find factory work.

From a town of about 25,000 in 1770 to over 300,000 by 1850. Birmingham and Leeds boomed too.

Overcrowded and unplanned, with poor sanitation, deadly disease like cholera, and heavy coal-smoke pollution.

Canals were very cheap but slow and goods-only; railways were fast, flexible, ran in most weathers, and carried both goods and passengers.

It caused growth by cutting costs and widening markets, but booming industry also created the demand and money to build the canals and railways.

By 1850 Britain made about half the world's coal, iron and cotton cloth — most of the world's manufactured goods.

A show in London's Crystal Palace where Britain displayed its machines and goods to six million visitors — an advert for its industrial lead.

A head start (from around 1780), plentiful coal and iron, free trade from the 1840s, and a global empire for materials and markets.

Germany was unified into one nation, creating a single currency and market that let industry boom.

A valley in western Germany with huge coal deposits next to iron, which powered Germany's giant coal and steel industry.

A German company in Essen that grew into Europe's biggest steel and weapons maker — a symbol of German industrial power.

Big banks lent long-term money straight to industry, and technical colleges trained engineers and chemists for new industries.

The idea that government should leave business alone and let private owners and markets drive the economy.

A group of firms that agree on prices and share the market between them instead of competing.

After 1868 the state built the first factories, railways and shipyards, then sold them cheaply to private owners to run.

In the 1890s he drove industry with foreign loans, high tariffs and the state-funded Trans-Siberian Railway.

Britain was laissez-faire and let private business lead; latecomers used tariffs, loans and cartels because they had to catch up fast.