The factory system, mechanisation and key industries

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Making goods in one large building where workers, machines and a single power source are concentrated under one roof, run by time discipline and division of labour.

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Working to fixed hours set by the clock and the machine, often enforced by fines for lateness — a new idea the factory imposed on workers.

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Breaking one job into small repeated steps done by different workers, so cheap, unskilled labour can be trained quickly and output rises.

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Replacing human hand-work with machines, so skill sits in the machine and cheaper, less-skilled workers can run it.

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Machines took over the skilled part of the job, so owners no longer paid for years of training — artisans lost work or took low-paid machine-tending jobs. Some (Luddites) smashed machines in protest.

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Spinning jenny (1764), water frame (1769) and power loom (1785) — they mechanised cotton spinning and weaving.

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Cotton textiles, coal and iron — cotton pioneered the powered factory, coal fuelled steam and furnaces, iron built machines and rails.

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A later wave of growth from about the 1850s led by steel and chemicals, plus engineering and heavy industry.

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An 1856 method for making cheap steel in large amounts by blasting air through molten iron — it drove a boom in engineering and heavy industry.

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An entrepreneur who built water-powered cotton mills and organised capital, machinery and a disciplined workforce — often called the 'father of the factory system'.

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A pottery maker who used division of labour in his workshops and pioneered marketing with catalogues, showrooms and royal endorsement.

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No industry stood alone: coal powered iron-making and steam engines; iron and steam built the railways; railways carried more coal — a reinforcing chain of growth.