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What is a popular movement?
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All Flashcards in Topic 9.2
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9.2.112 cards
What is a popular movement?
A collective effort by a group of ordinary people to bring about political, social or cultural change.
Name the four methods popular movements use to create change.
Political participation, non-violent methods, cultural influence, and violent methods.
What is satyagraha?
Gandhi's philosophy of non-violent resistance and civil disobedience against unjust laws.
What happened on the Salt March (1930)?
Gandhi led thousands on a 240-mile march to the sea to make salt illegally, defying the British salt tax through peaceful civil disobedience.
What was the Defiance Campaign?
A 1950s ANC campaign of organised, peaceful civil disobedience against apartheid laws in South Africa, such as segregated entrances.
What was the Sharpeville Massacre and why did it matter?
In 1960, police killed 69 unarmed protesters in South Africa; it convinced the ANC that non-violence alone would not move the apartheid state, leading to armed struggle.
What was Umkhonto we Sizwe?
The armed wing of the ANC, formed in 1961, which carried out sabotage against South African infrastructure.
Compare the Indian independence movement and the anti-apartheid movement's use of methods.
Both began with political participation and non-violence (negotiation, boycotts, civil disobedience). India stayed almost entirely non-violent; South Africa's ANC added armed struggle after Sharpeville (1960) because the state used lethal force on peaceful protest.
Give one example of cultural influence in the Indian independence movement.
Gandhi's simple dress and hand-spinning of cotton (swadeshi) became a globally recognised symbol of Indian self-reliance, spread through photography and newspapers.
Give one example of cultural influence in the anti-apartheid movement.
Freedom songs (e.g. Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika) and the international 'Free Nelson Mandela' campaign kept resistance visible and made apartheid a global moral issue.
What is the main trade-off of using violent methods in a popular movement?
Violence can force a reluctant government to respond, but it can also justify harsher state repression and divide a movement's supporters and international sympathy.
Why does the region and type of government a movement faces affect its choice of methods?
A government sensitive to domestic/international opinion (like inter-war Britain) is more likely to respond to non-violent pressure; a highly repressive state (like apartheid South Africa) may push movements toward armed struggle after peaceful methods are met with force.
Topic 9.2 study notes
Full notes & explanations for How did popular movements create change?
History (2028+) exam skills
Paper structures, command terms & tips
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