How popular movements created change
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Question
What is a popular movement?
Answer
A collective effort by a group of ordinary people to bring about political, social or cultural change.
Question
Name the four methods popular movements use to create change.
Answer
Political participation, non-violent methods, cultural influence, and violent methods.
Question
What is satyagraha?
Answer
Gandhi's philosophy of non-violent resistance and civil disobedience against unjust laws.
Question
What happened on the Salt March (1930)?
Answer
Gandhi led thousands on a 240-mile march to the sea to make salt illegally, defying the British salt tax through peaceful civil disobedience.
Question
What was the Defiance Campaign?
Answer
A 1950s ANC campaign of organised, peaceful civil disobedience against apartheid laws in South Africa, such as segregated entrances.
Question
What was the Sharpeville Massacre and why did it matter?
Answer
In 1960, police killed 69 unarmed protesters in South Africa; it convinced the ANC that non-violence alone would not move the apartheid state, leading to armed struggle.
Question
What was Umkhonto we Sizwe?
Answer
The armed wing of the ANC, formed in 1961, which carried out sabotage against South African infrastructure.
Question
Compare the Indian independence movement and the anti-apartheid movement's use of methods.
Answer
Both began with political participation and non-violence (negotiation, boycotts, civil disobedience). India stayed almost entirely non-violent; South Africa's ANC added armed struggle after Sharpeville (1960) because the state used lethal force on peaceful protest.
Question
Give one example of cultural influence in the Indian independence movement.
Answer
Gandhi's simple dress and hand-spinning of cotton (swadeshi) became a globally recognised symbol of Indian self-reliance, spread through photography and newspapers.
Question
Give one example of cultural influence in the anti-apartheid movement.
Answer
Freedom songs (e.g. Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika) and the international 'Free Nelson Mandela' campaign kept resistance visible and made apartheid a global moral issue.
Question
What is the main trade-off of using violent methods in a popular movement?
Answer
Violence can force a reluctant government to respond, but it can also justify harsher state repression and divide a movement's supporters and international sympathy.
Question
Why does the region and type of government a movement faces affect its choice of methods?
Answer
A government sensitive to domestic/international opinion (like inter-war Britain) is more likely to respond to non-violent pressure; a highly repressive state (like apartheid South Africa) may push movements toward armed struggle after peaceful methods are met with force.
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