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All Flashcards in Topic 5.1
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5.1.112 cards
Define development.
The **improvement of people's lives** — longer, healthier, freer lives with more choices; **multidimensional** (economic, social, political), not just income.
What does the HDI measure?
A **composite** of **income (GNI), education (years of schooling) and health (life expectancy)**, scored 0 to 1.
What does GNI per capita measure?
The **average income per person** (PPP-adjusted) — a single economic measure that hides inequality.
What does the Gini coefficient show?
**Income inequality within a country** (0 = perfect equality, 1 = total concentration).
What do the GII and GDI capture?
**Gender inequality** — GII in health, empowerment and work; GDI as the HDI gap between women and men.
What is the development gap?
The **persistent difference in development** between the richest and poorest places, at every scale (country, region, group).
Why can a single measure mislead?
An **average** hides inequality (use Gini), money is not wellbeing (use HDI), and it ignores who benefits (use GII).
Name the main flows that advance development.
**Trade, aid, FDI, remittances, microfinance and South-South loans**, aligned to the **SDGs**.
How do remittances advance development?
Migrant wages go **straight to families** for food, schooling and healthcare — raising HDI; flows can exceed aid in size.
How does microfinance advance development?
**Small loans (often to women)** start micro-enterprises, raising household income and the GII — but at small scale, with debt risk.
What are the SDGs?
**17 shared global goals (2015-2030)** aligning flows around poverty, health, education, gender and climate.
What does a top 16-mark evaluation need?
A **balanced argument** with **named case studies**, a genuine counter, **synoptic links** (Units 4-5-6) and an explicit **judgement** on *how far*.
Topic 5.1 study notes
Full notes & explanations for Development opportunities
Geography exam skills
Paper structures, command terms & tips
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