Measuring food and health
Practice Flashcards
How is food consumption measured?
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All Flashcards in Topic 12.1
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12.1.112 cards
How is food consumption measured?
As the **average daily calorie (energy) supply per person**, in kcal/person/day.
Define malnutrition.
A diet that is wrong in some way — the umbrella term covering **both undernutrition and over-nutrition**.
Undernutrition vs over-nutrition?
**Undernutrition** = too little food or too few nutrients; **over-nutrition** = too much energy or an unbalanced diet.
What is the undernourishment rate?
The **% of a population** not getting enough calories to be healthy.
Define food security.
When all people can **reliably access enough safe, nutritious food**.
Name the three pillars of the food security index.
**Affordability**, **availability**, and **quality and safety**.
What does the affordability pillar measure?
Whether people can **afford** food — income, food prices and the cost of a healthy diet.
How does undernutrition link to disease?
It **weakens the immune system**, so undernourished people (esp. children) die more from infections like measles and diarrhoea.
How does over-nutrition link to disease?
It drives **non-communicable diseases** — obesity, type-2 diabetes, heart disease and some cancers.
What is the nutrition transition?
As affluence rises, diets shift from staples to **meat, dairy, sugar and processed food**, raising over-nutrition.
Name two human factors that change diets.
Rising affluence and advertising/social media (also technology, trade, migration, culture/religion).
What does a top [10] nutrition-and-disease essay need?
Both under- and over-nutrition, non-nutritional causes (water, sanitation, overcrowding, poverty) weighed, named examples, and a judgement.
12.1.212 cards
What is a health indicator?
A number used to **measure how healthy a population is** and compare places (life expectancy, mortality, morbidity, calorie intake).
Define life expectancy.
The **average number of years a newborn is expected to live**; it rises with development.
Define infant mortality.
Deaths of children **under 1 per 1,000 live births** - a sensitive measure of health care and poverty.
Define maternal mortality.
Deaths of **mothers from pregnancy or childbirth per 100,000 live births**.
What is morbidity?
The **amount or rate of disease** (illness) in a population - not deaths.
Define a disease of poverty.
An **infectious** disease linked to deprivation - e.g. malaria, cholera, TB.
Define a disease of affluence.
A **chronic / lifestyle** disease linked to wealth - e.g. obesity, type-2 diabetes, heart disease.
What is the epidemiological transition?
The **shift** in a country's disease pattern from infectious diseases of poverty towards chronic diseases of affluence as it develops.
Why do diseases of affluence rise with wealth?
Richer **diets**, **sedentary lifestyles** and **longer lives** mean more people develop chronic disease.
Why is maternal mortality high in poor countries?
Weak **health-care access**, poor diet, unsafe water and remoteness mean complications go untreated.
How do you read a choropleth map value?
Take the **band from the key** the area is shaded with - not a made-up exact figure.
What does a top [6] long answer need?
Two or three **developed** points, each with a **mechanism** linking it to a health outcome, plus a **real example**.
Topic 12.1 study notes
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