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v0.1.1262
NotesFrench BTopic 3.2Passé composé
Back to French B Topics
3.2.14 min read

Passé composé

IB French B • Unit 3

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Contents

  • What it is
  • The forms
  • When to use it
  • In action
  • Common errors
The passé composé: The passé composé is the everyday French tense for completed past actions — things that started and finished, viewed as single, whole events. You use it to say what happened: «j'ai mangé une pizza», «nous sommes arrivés à huit heures», «elle a habité au Canada».

It is a compound tense, built from two pieces: an auxiliary (the helper verb avoir or être, in the present tense) + a past participle (the form of the main verb). So «manger» (to eat) → «j'ai mangé» (I ate / I have eaten).
le passé composé
the compound past — the everyday tense for completed actions
l'auxiliaire
the auxiliary — the helper verb avoir or être, in the present
le participe passé
the past participle — the main verb's form (mangé, fini, vendu)
une action terminée
a completed action — it started and finished in the past
un moment précis
a specific moment — when exactly it happened (hier, lundi)
l'accord
agreement — the participle can change to match the subject (with être)
When you reach for it: If the prompt asks what happened or what you did, or uses time markers like « hier », « la semaine dernière », « tout à coup », « une fois » — it's the passé composé. It is the storytelling tense for finished events in the speaking and writing tasks.
Auxiliary (avoir / être) + past participle: Build the passé composé in two steps.

Step 1 — the auxiliary. Conjugate avoir or être in the present. Most verbs use avoir; a small closed group (verbs of movement / change of state) and all reflexive verbs use être.

Step 2 — the past participle. Form it from the infinitive: -er → -é (parlé), -ir → -i (fini), -re → -u (vendu), plus a set of high-frequency irregulars you just learn.
Personneavec AVOIR (manger)avec ÊTRE (aller)
je / j'j'ai mangéje suis allé(e)
tutu as mangétu es allé(e)
il / elle / onil a mangéelle est allée
nousnous avons mangénous sommes allé(e)s
vousvous avez mangévous êtes allé(e)(s)
ils / ellesils ont mangéelles sont allées
Infinitive endingParticiple ruleExample
-er→ -éparler → parlé · manger → mangé
-ir→ -ifinir → fini · choisir → choisi
-re→ -uvendre → vendu · attendre → attendu
irregular(learn it)faire → fait · prendre → pris · voir → vu · être → été · avoir → eu
Which verbs take ÊTRE? DR & MRS VANDERTRAMP: A small, closed group of verbs of movement and change of state takes être (not avoir). Memorise them with the name DR MRS VANDERTRAMP:

Devenir, Revenir, Monter, Rester, Sortir, Venir, Aller, Naître, Descendre, Entrer, Rentrer, Tomber, Retourner, Arriver, Mourir, Partir. All reflexive verbs also take être (je me suis levé(e)).

With être, the past participle agrees with the subject: +e (feminine), +s (plural), +es (feminine plural) → «elle est allée», «ils sont allés», «elles sont allées». With avoir, the participle does not agree with the subject.

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Three classic jobs: The passé composé reports finished events. Here are the three uses you meet most in the exam — each with a French example. In every case the action is complete: you can picture it as a single, closed box on a timeline.

Emplois du passé composé

  • A single completed action — «Hier soir, j'ai fini mon projet.» (Last night I finished my project.)
  • A sequence of events, one after another — «Je suis arrivé, j'ai salué tout le monde et je me suis assis.» (I arrived, greeted everyone and sat down.)
  • An action at a specific time — «Tout à coup, le téléphone a sonné.» (Suddenly the phone rang.)
  • An action lasting a defined period — «J'ai habité à Paris pendant deux ans.» (I lived in Paris for two years.)
Complete = passé composé: Ask: did the action finish? If yes, and you can see its start and end, use the passé composé. Time markers like « hier », « lundi dernier », « tout à coup », « une fois » are strong signals that the event is closed and complete — the opposite signals (« souvent », « tous les jours », « quand j'étais petit ») point to the imperfect instead.
An anecdote, sentence by sentence: Here's a short past anecdote built one sentence at a time. Every verb reports a completed action in the passé composé — watch how some take avoir («j'ai pris», «nous avons mangé») and some take être with agreement («je suis allé(e)», «nous sommes rentré(e)s»). Read it once for the meaning, then tap Voir la traduction for the English or 🔊 to hear it.

Le passé composé en action

Une anecdote, phrase par phrase

  1. Hier, je suis allé(e) chez mes grands-parents à la campagne.
  2. J'ai pris le train de huit heures et je suis arrivé(e) à midi.
  3. Nous avons mangé ensemble et ma grand-mère m'a montré de vieilles photos.
  4. Tout à coup, il a commencé à pleuvoir, alors nous sommes rentré(e)s tôt.
  5. Le soir, j'ai écrit dans mon journal et je me suis endormi(e) très vite.
Steal this for your story: Notice the pattern: a time marker («hier», «tout à coup», «le soir») + an auxiliary (ai / suis / avons / sommes) + a past participle for each finished step. String a few together and you have a ready-made past anecdote for the writing task.

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The slips to watch for: Passé-composé mistakes cluster around three things: forgetting the auxiliary, picking the wrong auxiliary (avoir where être is needed), and forgetting the agreement with être. Compare the right version with the typical mistake and the fix becomes obvious.

Correct

  • Hier, j'ai mangé une pizza.
  • Elle est allée au cinéma.
  • Nous sommes rentrés tard.

Erreur fréquente

  • Hier, je mangé une pizza.
  • Elle a allé au cinéma.
  • Nous sommes rentré tard.
Auxiliary, then agreement: Before you move on, check three things: (1) is there an auxiliary (ai / as / a / avons / avez / ont — or suis / es / est / sommes / êtes / sont)? (2) Did you pick the right one — être for the DR MRS VANDERTRAMP verbs and all reflexives, avoir for the rest? (3) With être, does the participle agree with the subject (allée, rentrés)? Tick those three and the form is right.

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Transforme ces phrases du présent au passé composé : « Je parle avec ma mère. » et « Nous allons au parc. » Écris la version au passé. [2 marks]

Related French B Topics

Continue learning with these related topics from the same unit:

3.1.1Present: -er verbs
3.1.2Present: -ir & -re verbs
3.1.3Irregular present
3.1.4Reflexive verbs
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