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v0.1.1263
NotesFrench B HLTopic 3.2Imperfect
Back to French B HL Topics
3.2.23 min read

Imperfect

IB French B • Unit 3

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Contents

  • What it is
  • The forms
  • When to use it
  • In action
  • Common errors
The imperfect (l'imparfait): The imperfect (l'imparfait) is the tense for the ongoing, habitual and descriptive past. It paints the background rather than reporting a single finished event: what used to happen (« nous allions chaque été »), what things were like (« il faisait beau »), and what was happening when something else occurred. There's no single moment of completion in view — the action stretches or repeats. Its partner, the passé composé, is for one-off finished events.
l'imparfait
the imperfect — the past for ongoing, habitual and descriptive actions
une habitude
a habit — something done repeatedly in the past (used to / would)
la description
the description — the background scene, people and things in the past
une action en cours
an ongoing action — what was happening (was -ing)
le décor / l'arrière-plan
the setting / background — the scene against which events happen
le passé composé
the perfect — its partner tense, for a single completed past event
When you reach for it: If the prompt mentions « toujours », « d'habitude », « tous les jours », « quand j'étais… » — or asks you to describe the past or say how things used to be — it's the imperfect. It's the scene-setting tense in the speaking and writing tasks.
Nous-stem + imperfect ending: The imperfect is the most regular French tense. Take the nous form of the present, drop -ons, and you have the stem — then add the same endings to every verb. There is only one irregular stem in the whole language: être → ét-. So: parlons → parl-, finissons → finiss-, prenons → pren-.
Personneparler (parl-)finir (finiss-)être (ét-)
je / j'parlaisfinissaisétais
tuparlaisfinissaisétais
il / elle / onparlaitfinissaitétait
nousparlionsfinissionsétions
vousparliezfinissiezétiez
ils / ellesparlaientfinissaientétaient
The endings never change — and être is the only odd stem: The six endings are -ais / -ais / -ait / -ions / -iez / -aient for every verb — there are no other irregular endings. Only the stem of être is irregular (ét- → j'étais, tu étais, il était…). Watch the je/tu forms (parlais) and the il/ils forms (parlait / parlaient): they sound the same but are spelt differently. Spelling verbs keep their soft sound: manger → mangeais, commencer → commençais.

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Four classic jobs: The imperfect sets the scene and describes the past without closing it off. Here are the four uses you meet most in the exam — each with a French example. In every case the action repeats, stretches or describes rather than finishing once. Its partner, the passé composé, takes over for the single finished events.

Emplois de l'imparfait

  • Habits & repeated actions — « Tous les étés, nous allions à la plage. » (Every summer we used to go to the beach.)
  • Description & background — « La maison était grande et avait un jardin. » (The house was big and had a garden.)
  • Age, time & weather in the past — « J'avais huit ans ; il était trois heures et il faisait froid. » (I was eight; it was three o'clock and it was cold.)
  • What was happening (was -ing) — « Pendant que nous mangions, la radio jouait. » (While we were eating, the radio was playing.)
Repeats, stretches or describes = imperfect: Ask: is the action a habit, a description, or something in progress? If yes — and there's no single moment of completion — use the imperfect. Markers like « toujours », « d'habitude », « pendant que », « quand j'étais… » point straight to it; a one-off finished event takes the passé composé.
How things used to be, sentence by sentence: Here's a short original description of how life used to be, built one sentence at a time. Every verb is in the imperfect — habits, description and background. Read it once for the meaning, then tap Voir la traduction for the English or 🔊 to hear it.

L'imparfait en action

Comment était la vie, phrase par phrase

  1. Quand j'étais petit, nous habitions dans un village au bord de la mer.
  2. Tous les étés, nous allions à la plage et nous nagions toute la matinée.
  3. Ma grand-mère préparait toujours une tarte le dimanche et ça sentait délicieux.
  4. L'après-midi, il faisait chaud, alors nous jouions sous les arbres.
  5. C'était une vie tranquille et tout le monde se connaissait au village.
Steal this for your description: Notice the pattern: a habit or description marker (« quand j'étais petit », « tous les étés », « toujours », « l'après-midi ») + an imperfect verb. Use it whenever the task asks you to describe your childhood or how things used to be.

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The slips to watch for: The two classic imperfect mistakes anglophones make are choosing the passé composé for a habit (saying what happened once when you mean what used to happen), and building the stem from the infinitive instead of the nous-form (writing « finais » when the stem is « finiss- », or forgetting that être → ét-). Compare the right version with the typical mistake.

Correct

  • Tous les jours, j'allais à l'école à pied.
  • Quand j'étais petite, je mangeais beaucoup de fruits.
  • Nous finissions nos devoirs avant le dîner.

Erreur fréquente

  • Tous les jours, je suis allé à l'école à pied.
  • Quand j'étais petite, je étais mangeais des fruits.
  • Nous finais nos devoirs avant le dîner.
Habit? Description? Use the imperfect: Before you move on, check two things: is this a habit or description (then use the imperfect, not the passé composé)? And did you build the stem from the nous form (parlons → parl-, finissons → finiss-), with être → ét-? A habit told in the passé composé, or a stem built off the infinitive, are the two slips examiners catch.

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Corrige l'erreur d'imparfait dans ces phrases : « Tous les jours, je suis allé à l'école à pied. » et « Nous finais nos devoirs avant le dîner. » Écris la version correcte. [2 marks]

Related French B HL Topics

Continue learning with these related topics from the same unit:

3.1.1Present: -er verbs
3.1.2Present: -ir & -re verbs
3.1.3Irregular present
3.1.4Reflexive verbs
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3.2.1Passé composé
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