Capability vs functioning, and dignity (Philosophy HL)

The big idea: There's a small word doing huge work in the whole approach: able.

Nussbaum aims at what people are able to do — not at forcing them to do it. That gap between having the real chance and actually taking it turns out to be the heart of her theory.

She draws a sharp line between a capability — the genuine opportunity to do or be something — and a functioning — actually doing or being it. Capability is being able to; functioning is doing.

Hold onto this: Capability = the real opportunity. Functioning = actually taking it. The approach aims at capabilities, and leaves the functioning up to each person to choose.

The reason Nussbaum aims at the opportunity rather than the act comes down to one word: freedom.

The faster and the person who chooses to fast: Take two people who both go without food. One is starving because there's no food — they have no capability for nourishment. The other is fasting for their beliefs, in a full kitchen — they have the capability, and freely choose not to use it. Their bodies look the same; their situations couldn't be more different. A government's job, Nussbaum says, is to secure the capability (make sure everyone can eat), not to force the functioning (make everyone eat). Aim at capability and you protect people's freedom to live by their own choices.

Checkpoint — capability protects freedom: In one line: aim at capability, not functioning, and you give people real options without forcing their choices. Hold that — there's one exception, and then the deeper foundation underneath it all.

Ask why any of this matters, and you reach the idea the whole theory rests on: human dignity.

A life worthy of a human being: Underneath the list and the capability/functioning distinction sits one core idea: human dignity. Every human being has a worth that demands respect, and a life below the threshold on the capabilities isn't just unpleasant — it's beneath the dignity of a human being. That's why the approach aims at capabilities: giving people real options, and the freedom to use them, is what treats them as dignified choosers rather than mouths to feed. (Nussbaum allows one careful exception — for young children, some functionings, like being educated, may be required, precisely to protect their future capabilities as adults.)

Go further — higher-level insight: Notice how neatly freedom is built in. By aiming at capability rather than functioning, Nussbaum's theory secures a decent life for everyone while still leaving room for very different ways of living it — religious, secular, busy, quiet. That combination of a firm floor with wide freedom above it is her answer to the worry that any 'list of the good life' must be bossy or one-size-fits-all — a strong move for the (b) evaluate task.