Social discontent and change
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Question
Social discontent?
Answer
A widely shared sense that the current arrangements of society are unjust — the spark for collective change.
Question
Civil disobedience?
Answer
Openly and peacefully breaking a law you believe is unjust, and accepting the penalty for it.
Question
King on unjust laws?
Answer
There's a real difference between just and unjust laws, and a duty to disobey the unjust ones — publicly and peacefully.
Question
Why does 'accepting the penalty' matter?
Answer
It shows respect for law in general, marking principled protest off from ordinary law-breaking.
Question
Rawls on civil disobedience?
Answer
A public appeal to the sense of justice a society already claims to hold — holding it to its own promises, not overpowering it.
Question
How does discontent transform institutions?
Answer
Principled protest shifts the rules, then the institutions follow, and eventually what counts as 'normal' is redrawn.
Question
The 'chaos' objection and reply?
Answer
Objection: if everyone breaks disliked laws, society collapses. Reply: civil disobedience is narrow — only clearly unjust laws, openly, peacefully, accepting the penalty.
Question
What lifts a Section B essay to the top band?
Answer
Arguing more than one view on the question, weighing them, and reaching a reasoned conclusion — not describing one.
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Topic 8.2 hub
Equality and discrimination
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