Demographic changes and population movements

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A change in the size, location or make-up of a population caused by war — through deaths, displacement, resettlement or forced migration.

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A fast raid used in the Hundred Years' War that deliberately burned crops, villages and livestock to destroy the enemy's resources and cause famine.

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Crusaders stormed the city and massacred much of its Muslim and Jewish population — a major direct casualty event of the Crusades.

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The Mongols sacked the city and killed much of its population as a deterrent to other cities considering resistance.

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In 1096, Crusader bands attacked Jewish communities in the Rhineland, killing many and forcing survivors to flee.

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Direct deaths come from combat, sieges and massacres; indirect deaths come from famine and disease that follow the destruction of food supplies.

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Displacement is people fleeing a war zone; resettlement is new people later moving into a region left empty by war.

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They marched craftsmen, scholars and administrators from conquered cities thousands of kilometres to serve the growing empire elsewhere.

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Because armies burned crops and slaughtered livestock, destroying the food supply that ordinary people depended on to survive.

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Chroniclers mainly recorded dramatic direct deaths in battles and massacres, while the larger indirect toll from famine and disease went undercounted.

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Regions devastated by years of fighting could take generations to refill, and populations scattered by forced migration often never returned home.

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The Crusades, the Hundred Years' War, and the Mongol conquests.