Juan Perón — Authoritarian ruler of Argentina
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Flip to reveal answersHow did Juan Perón first build his political base?
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Question
How did Juan Perón first build his political base?
Answer
As head of the Secretariat of Labour and Welfare (1943-45), raising wages and welfare for workers, who became known as the descamisados.
Question
descamisados
Answer
'Shirtless ones' — Perón's poor and working-class supporters.
Question
What happened on 17 October 1945?
Answer
Mass worker demonstrations in Buenos Aires forced the government to free Perón from arrest within a day, proving his real popular support.
Question
When did Perón win the presidency, and how?
Answer
24 February 1946, in a genuine election, winning about 52% of the vote.
Question
What did the 1949 constitution change?
Answer
It allowed the president to be re-elected immediately and centralised more power in the presidency.
Question
What role did Eva Perón (Evita) play?
Answer
Ran the Eva Perón Foundation charity aiding the poor, led the campaign for women's suffrage, and became a powerful symbol of Peronism until her death in 1952.
Question
How did Perón control the press and unions?
Answer
He fused the CGT union federation into his movement and shut down or seized independent newspapers such as La Prensa by 1951.
Question
What was 'Justicialism'?
Answer
Perón's political programme mixing nationalism, state control of the economy, and welfare for workers.
Question
What major right did Argentine women gain in September 1947?
Answer
The vote in national elections (women's suffrage), first used in 1951.
Question
Why did Perón's economy struggle by the early 1950s?
Answer
Nationalisation and import substitution industrialisation brought early growth, but inflation rose and exports fell as the decade went on.
Question
What ended Perón's first period in power?
Answer
The Revolución Libertadora, a military coup in September 1955, driven by economic strain and his broken alliance with the Catholic Church.
Question
Compare Perón's rise with Hitler's rise to power.
Answer
Both used a mix of legal methods and mass mobilisation, but Perón won a genuine competitive election in 1946, while Hitler was appointed Chancellor in 1933 and then dismantled democracy from within.
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