Ideological, national, religious, ethnic and economic factors
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All 12 Flashcards — Ideological, national, religious, ethnic and economic factors
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Question
Define nationalism.
Answer
Pride in your nation and the belief that it should govern itself — the single most unifying idea behind independence movements.
Question
What is national consciousness?
Answer
The moment people become aware of a shared national identity and begin to act on it politically.
Question
What did the Enlightenment contribute to independence movements?
Answer
Ideas of popular sovereignty, self-determination and natural rights — arguments that foreign rule was illegitimate.
Question
Define popular sovereignty.
Answer
The principle that the people, not a king or empire, are the true source of political power.
Question
What is self-determination?
Answer
The right of a people to decide its own future and choose its own government.
Question
Which two external revolutions served as models for later independence movements?
Answer
The American Revolution (1776), which showed a colony could beat an empire, and the French Revolution (1789), which spread 'liberty, equality, fraternity'.
Question
How did world war and imperial weakness help independence movements?
Answer
Wars drained and distracted empires — e.g. Napoleon's invasion of Spain in 1808 collapsed royal authority and gave Spanish American colonies their opening.
Question
How could religion both help and hinder a movement?
Answer
Shared faith gave ready networks and a sacred cause, but when one community organised, another often felt threatened, sharpening communal divisions.
Question
When was the Indian National Congress founded, and what was it?
Answer
1885 — an educated, mostly Hindu-led movement that grew into the main vehicle of Indian nationalism.
Question
When and why was the Muslim League founded?
Answer
1906 — to defend Muslim political interests, as many Muslims feared being outvoted in a Hindu-majority nation.
Question
Who were the creoles, and why did they resent Spanish rule?
Answer
People of Spanish descent born in the colonies — rich but blocked from top jobs reserved for Spain-born officials and angered by Spain's trade monopoly.
Question
What was Bolívar's Jamaica Letter (1815)?
Answer
A letter written in exile arguing Spanish Americans were a distinct people ready for self-government — it spread creole nationalism across the continent.
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Full study notes for Ideological, national, religious, ethnic and economic factors
Topic 13.1 hub
Origins and rise of independence movements
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