Case study — impact and responses in Britain and one other society
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Flip to reveal answersWhat four economic effects did industrializing societies share?
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Question
What four economic effects did industrializing societies share?
Answer
Sustained growth, rising output and productivity, wider global trade, and deepening inequality between rich and poor.
Question
Define 'sustained growth' in the context of industrialization.
Answer
The economy expanding steadily decade after decade, rather than in short bursts or depending on good harvests.
Question
Along which two tracks did Britain respond to industrialization's costs?
Answer
Reform legislation passed by Parliament, and workers self-organising into trade unions.
Question
Name two key British factory reform laws and their dates.
Answer
The 1833 Factory Act (limited child hours, added inspectors) and the 1847 Ten Hours Act (capped hours for women and children).
Question
How did widening the vote affect Britain's response?
Answer
The 1867 and 1884 Reform Acts gave many working men the vote, so governments had to respond to workers, channelling anger into elections.
Question
What did the 1871 Trade Union Act do?
Answer
It gave trade unions legal protection, helping a reformist labour movement grow; late-1880s 'New Unionism' then organised unskilled workers too.
Question
What was Bismarck's state social insurance system?
Answer
The world's first state welfare: health insurance (1883), accident insurance (1884), and old-age and disability insurance (1889).
Question
Why did Bismarck introduce social insurance?
Answer
Partly to draw workers away from the rising socialist movement by having the state provide welfare from the top down.
Question
Contrast Britain's and Germany's responses to industrialization.
Answer
Britain: bottom-up, gradual reform laws and unions over a century. Germany: top-down, a rapid state insurance system in the 1880s.
Question
Why did Russia face revolutionary rather than reformist pressure?
Answer
It industrialized fast from the 1890s but gave workers no vote, legal unions or welfare, so discontent built up and exploded in the 1905 Revolution.
Question
What is the core judgement comparing these societies?
Answer
The more peaceful outlets (votes, unions, welfare) a society gave workers, the more its labour movement stayed reformist; the fewer outlets, the more revolutionary the pressure.
Question
Which three dates capture Bismarck's insurance laws?
Answer
1883 sickness/health insurance, 1884 accident insurance, 1889 old-age and disability insurance.
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Full study notes for Case study — impact and responses in Britain and one other society
Topic 12.3 hub
Impact of industrialization
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