The causal framework: why industrialization began
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Question
What is industrialization?
Answer
The shift from making goods by hand at home to making them by machine in factories.
Question
Name the six pre-conditions historians use to explain the origins of industrialization.
Answer
Agriculture, population growth, capital/finance, natural resources, new ideas/technology, and government.
Question
What was enclosure?
Answer
Fencing off open village fields into larger private farms, allowing more efficient farming.
Question
What was the Norfolk four-course rotation?
Answer
Rotating wheat, turnips, barley and clover so no field was left bare, keeping soil fertile and raising yields.
Question
How did the agricultural revolution help industry?
Answer
Higher yields freed labour to move to towns and produced enough food to feed those growing towns.
Question
Why was population growth both a cause and an effect of industrialization?
Answer
A rising birth rate and falling death rate gave more workers and more customers (cause); later, industry raised living standards, growing population further (effect).
Question
Define capital.
Answer
Money and resources invested to produce more wealth in the future.
Question
Where did Britain's investment capital come from?
Answer
Profits from improved farming (agrarian) and from trade and empire (mercantile), channelled through banks and joint-stock investment.
Question
Which natural resources and geographic features aided early industry?
Answer
Accessible coal and iron ore, often found near each other, plus navigable rivers and coastline for cheap transport.
Question
How did the Enlightenment help cause industrialization?
Answer
It encouraged reason, science and enquiry, creating a culture that admired and rewarded invention.
Question
How did government support industrialization?
Answer
Stable property rights, patent protection for inventors, low internal tariffs, and a supportive legal framework enforcing contracts.
Question
What does a "To what extent" essay require?
Answer
A supported judgement that weighs the causes against each other and reaches a clear verdict — not just a list.
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Full study notes for The causal framework: why industrialization began
Topic 12.1 hub
Origins and causes of industrialization
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