Why popular movements emerged

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A sustained, collective effort by a group of people to bring about political, social or economic change.

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Political factors, economic factors, the role of ideas, and social factors.

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State laws in the US South that enforced racial segregation and helped block Black Americans from voting.

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Being denied the right to vote.

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Gandhi's philosophy of non-violent resistance to unjust laws, used in the Indian independence movement.

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Self-rule; the goal of Indian independence from British colonial control.

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US: exclusion from voting rights within its own democracy (Jim Crow laws despite the 15th Amendment). India: exclusion from any real representation under British colonial rule.

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Britain used exploitative trade policy (raw materials shipped out, expensive finished goods sold back) and heavy taxation, draining Indian wealth to Britain.

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Black churches across the South, which already connected large community networks that could be mobilised quickly.

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Political exclusion (Black South Africans banned from voting) combined with the idea of racial equality — echoing the Civil Rights pattern but in the Africa & Middle East region.

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Activists saw their protests as principled and strategic; colonial or segregationist authorities often dismissed the same actions as disorder — the same events are read differently.

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You must use at least two examples from two different IB regions, compare them explicitly, and end with a clear, substantiated judgement.