How authoritarian rule was challenged
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Flip to reveal answersWhat are the four channels through which authoritarian rule is challenged?
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Question
What are the four channels through which authoritarian rule is challenged?
Answer
Internal opposition, popular resistance, impact of policies, and external threats.
Question
White Rose
Answer
A group of Munich university students (led by Hans and Sophie Scholl) who secretly distributed anti-Nazi leaflets from 1942; executed in 1943. An example of popular resistance in Nazi Germany (Europe).
Question
20 July 1944 bomb plot
Answer
Colonel Claus von Stauffenberg's failed attempt to assassinate Hitler using a bomb at his headquarters; Hitler survived, conspirators were executed. An example of internal opposition (army) in Nazi Germany.
Question
Bay of Pigs invasion
Answer
A failed April 1961 invasion of Cuba by CIA-backed Cuban exiles, hoping to trigger an uprising against Castro; defeated within three days. An example of external threat in Cuba (Americas).
Question
US embargo on Cuba
Answer
A trade ban imposed from 1960 that caused economic hardship but let Castro blame the US and rally nationalist support instead of collapsing his regime.
Question
What actually ended Nazi rule in Germany?
Answer
External military defeat — Allied invasion from west and east in 1944–45, ending in surrender in May 1945, not the internal 1944 bomb plot.
Question
Define: dissident
Answer
A person who openly disagrees with a government, often at personal risk.
Question
Define: embargo
Answer
An official ban on trade with a country, used as external pressure on a regime.
Question
Compare Nazi Germany and Castro's Cuba's response to external threats
Answer
Nazi Germany: external invasion (1944–45) was decisive and ended the regime. Cuba: external pressure (Bay of Pigs, embargo) was absorbed and the regime survived for decades — external threats work best combined with internal weakness.
Question
How did apartheid South Africa's challenge differ from Cuba's?
Answer
South Africa (Africa & Middle East) faced internal resistance AND external sanctions/boycotts together, which eventually forced negotiated change by 1994 — Cuba survived because internal opposition stayed weak despite similar external pressure.
Question
Sharpeville Massacre (1960)
Answer
A regime policy of violent repression in apartheid South Africa that turned international opinion against the regime — an example of a policy's impact fuelling external and internal pressure.
Question
Exam skill: what must a strong §B(b) judgement do?
Answer
State explicitly to what extent the claim is true, using ≥2 examples from ≥2 different IB regions, rather than only describing examples without concluding.
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Topic 8.4 hub
How was authoritarian rule challenged?
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