Applying the four concepts to conflict
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Flip to reveal answersWhat does the concept 'cause and consequence' ask about conflict?
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Question
What does the concept 'cause and consequence' ask about conflict?
Answer
Why the conflict happened and what resulted from it — always multiple, interrelated causes, and outcomes that were never inevitable.
Question
Define 'historical actors' vs 'conditions' in cause and consequence.
Answer
Actors are the people making decisions (leaders, soldiers, civilians); conditions are the circumstances they operate within (economic, political, social).
Question
What does 'continuity and change' ask about conflict?
Answer
What a war transformed and what stayed the same — the two happen at the same time, not one after another.
Question
Give an example of continuity and change from the Vietnam War.
Answer
Change: Vietnam reunified under communist rule in 1975. Continuity: rural village life in much of the countryside recovered much as before.
Question
What does the concept 'perspectives' ask about conflict?
Answer
How different groups — combatants, civilians, victors, and later historians — view the same conflict differently, and how valid each view is.
Question
What was the 'credibility gap' in the Vietnam War?
Answer
The mismatch between official U.S. government reports of progress and the on-the-ground accounts of journalists and soldiers.
Question
What three things can make a conflict or experience 'significant'?
Answer
Power (did it shift who holds control), impact (how many were affected and how deeply), or what it reveals about deeper processes.
Question
Why is the Rwandan genocide (1994) considered historically significant?
Answer
Though small in territory, it reveals how colonial-era Hutu-Tutsi identity categories and international inaction enabled mass atrocity.
Question
Compare the causes of the First World War and the Mexican Revolution.
Answer
WWI: long-term alliance rivalry + arms race, triggered by an assassination. Mexican Revolution: long-term land inequality under Díaz, triggered by Madero's 1910 revolt.
Question
Why should you never call a conflict's outcome 'inevitable' in an IB History answer?
Answer
Because outcomes result from choices made by actors within specific conditions — they were probable, not certain, and could have gone differently.
Question
What must a Paper 2 §B(b) essay ('To what extent...') include to avoid being self-penalising?
Answer
At least two examples from at least two different IB regions, connected to a clear, substantiated judgement.
Question
What is the command term and mark value of Paper 2 Section A?
Answer
Analyse, worth 6 marks — a concept mini-essay using one example from the thematic study.
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Topic 6.5 hub
Concepts and Paper 2 exam skills
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