Australia and New Zealand — post-war society and foreign policy
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All 12 Flashcards — Australia and New Zealand — post-war society and foreign policy
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Question
What does 'populate or perish' refer to?
Answer
Arthur Calwell's post-1945 slogan justifying mass immigration to Australia, driven by fear of Japan and the need to grow the economy and defence.
Question
When did Australia's White Australia Policy formally end?
Answer
1973, when the Whitlam government removed race as a factor in immigration selection.
Question
What happened after the Vietnam War ended in 1975 regarding immigration?
Answer
Australia accepted tens of thousands of Vietnamese 'boat people' refugees, the first major wave of Asian immigration under non-discriminatory rules.
Question
What did the 1967 referendum actually achieve?
Answer
Over 90% Yes vote; gave the federal government power to legislate for Aboriginal people and included them in the census — not citizenship or land rights.
Question
What was the Wave Hill walk-off?
Answer
An 8-year strike (1966-75) by Gurindji stockmen demanding fair wages and return of traditional land, ending with Whitlam symbolically returning land in 1975.
Question
What did the 1992 Mabo decision establish?
Answer
The High Court overturned terra nullius, recognising that Aboriginal peoples held native title to land before European colonisation.
Question
What is the Waitangi Tribunal?
Answer
A body created in New Zealand in 1975 (powers extended in 1985) to investigate breaches of the 1840 Treaty of Waitangi and hear Māori land/resource claims.
Question
Compare Australia's and New Zealand's paths to Indigenous rights.
Answer
Australia had no treaty, so change came via referendum and courts (1967, Mabo 1992); New Zealand had the 1840 Treaty of Waitangi, so change came via enforcing/reinterpreting it (Waitangi Tribunal, 1975).
Question
What was the ANZUS Treaty (1951)?
Answer
A mutual-defence pact between Australia, New Zealand, and the USA, marking the shift from Britain to America as the region's protector.
Question
What was SEATO (1954)?
Answer
The South East Asia Treaty Organisation — a wider Cold War alliance (AUS, NZ, USA, UK, France, Thailand, Philippines, Pakistan) aimed at containing communism after France's defeat in Indochina.
Question
Why did New Zealand's ANZUS relationship with the USA fracture in the 1980s?
Answer
NZ's 1984-85 refusal to allow nuclear-armed/powered US ships to dock led the US to suspend its ANZUS defence obligations to NZ in 1986.
Question
What historical process explains the shift from Britain to the USA as protector?
Answer
Japan's WWII advance (fall of Singapore 1942) proved Britain could not defend the region, pushing Australia and NZ toward reliance on US power, formalised in ANZUS and SEATO.
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Full study notes for Australia and New Zealand — post-war society and foreign policy
Topic 12.4 hub
Indigenous societies and national identity in Australia and New Zealand (c.1770–2020)
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History (2028+) exam skills
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