Modern nations — ideology and political change
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Flip to reveal answersWhat does 'Indigenismo' mean in the Latin American context (1860-1929)?
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All 12 Flashcards — Modern nations — ideology and political change
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Question
What does 'Indigenismo' mean in the Latin American context (1860-1929)?
Answer
A movement that romanticised and claimed to value Indigenous heritage in national identity and art, while in practice rarely giving Indigenous peoples real political power or land rights.
Question
Define Social Darwinism as it was used by Latin American elites.
Answer
The (mis)application of 'survival of the fittest' to nations and races, used to justify elite rule and claim that European-descended populations were naturally superior.
Question
What was the Saenz Pena Law (Argentina, 1912)?
Answer
A law introducing compulsory, secret, universal male suffrage, ending fraud-based oligarchic elections and opening politics to the middle class.
Question
Who won Argentina's first election under the Saenz Pena Law (1916)?
Answer
Hipolito Yrigoyen of the Radical Civic Union (UCR), the first president elected under mass male suffrage.
Question
What was the 'Conquest of the Desert' (1878-1885)?
Answer
General Julio Roca's military campaign that seized Patagonia from Indigenous peoples, opening the land to European settlement and export agriculture.
Question
Explain the link between Social Darwinism and the Conquest of the Desert.
Answer
Elites used Social Darwinist language ('civilisation vs barbarism') to justify displacing or killing Indigenous peoples as the 'natural' cost of national progress.
Question
What was the PAN (Partido Autonomista Nacional) and how did it hold power?
Answer
Argentina's ruling elite party (1880-1916) that controlled politics through patronage and electoral fraud rather than genuine competition.
Question
Compare liberalism and progressivism as ideologies shaping the 'modern nation' in this period.
Answer
Liberalism prioritised free trade, private property and limited state economic role; progressivism (from the early 1900s) pushed the state to regulate labour, health and education to manage the costs of rapid growth.
Question
Who was excluded from Argentina's 1912 'expansion of democracy,' and why does this matter for a 'to what extent' essay?
Answer
Women (no vote until 1947) and, in practice, Indigenous and many rural poor citizens — showing the reform's limits, key for a balanced judgement.
Question
Give one example of how the arts expressed nationalism in this period's Americas.
Answer
The tango in Argentina moved from disreputable slum entertainment to a symbol of national identity performed in elite Paris and Buenos Aires salons by the 1910s-20s.
Question
What is the historical debate over Social Darwinism's role in shaping 'modern nations'?
Answer
Some see it as a genuine (if flawed) belief system driving policy; others argue it was mainly a convenient after-the-fact justification for elite economic and land interests.
Question
Why is 1912 (Saenz Pena Law) often called a turning point rather than a full democratic revolution?
Answer
It ended fraud and enfranchised most adult men, a real continuity-and-change moment — but it left the oligarchy's economic power, land distribution and women's exclusion largely intact.
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Full study notes for Modern nations — ideology and political change
Topic 11.5 hub
The formation of modern nations in the Americas (1860–1929)
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