US Civil War — impact and Reconstruction

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Abolished slavery throughout the United States (except as punishment for a crime).

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Gave citizenship to all people born in the US (including formerly enslaved people) and promised equal protection under the law.

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Said states could not deny a man the vote because of his race — but left loopholes states later exploited.

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Southern state laws (1865-66) that restricted freed people's rights — controlling where they could work, live, and move.

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A white supremacist terror group founded in 1866 that used violence and intimidation to stop Black political participation.

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Deal that gave Rutherford B. Hayes the presidency in exchange for withdrawing federal troops from the South, ending Reconstruction.

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Andrew Johnson's lenient plan — quick Southern readmission, no land redistribution, allowed Black Codes.

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Republican Congress took over — military districts in the South, Black male suffrage enforced, harsher terms on former Confederates.

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Rapid industrial growth, expanded railroads, national banking system, and a stronger federal role in the economy.

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Devastated infrastructure, destroyed slave-based wealth, and a shift toward sharecropping that kept many Black families in debt.

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System where landless farmers worked land for a share of the crop, often trapping Black families in cycles of debt.

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Argue both sides: real gains (amendments, Black political office, schools) vs real failures (violence, Black Codes/Jim Crow roots, 1877 abandonment) — then reach a substantiated judgement.