Social movements — civil rights, emergence and methods
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Question
What were Jim Crow laws?
Answer
Southern US laws enforcing racial segregation in schools, transport, restaurants and public life after Reconstruction, upheld by *Plessy v. Ferguson* (1896).
Question
Why did WWII and the Cold War push civil rights forward politically?
Answer
Black soldiers fought for freedom abroad then faced segregation at home; the USSR used US racism as Cold War propaganda, embarrassing US leaders internationally.
Question
What was the Great Migration and why did it matter for civil rights?
Answer
The movement of millions of Black Southerners to Northern cities (1910s–1970) seeking jobs and escaping Jim Crow, which built large organized Black communities able to support a mass movement.
Question
How did economic factors drive the movement's emergence?
Answer
Job discrimination, sharecropping poverty and exclusion from the postwar economic boom gave African Americans direct material reasons to demand change.
Question
Name three ideas that shaped the movement's philosophy.
Answer
Black church teaching, American founding ideals of equality, and Gandhian non-violent resistance from India's independence movement.
Question
What method did Martin Luther King Jr. use, and in what key campaigns?
Answer
Non-violent direct action through the SCLC — the Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955–56), Birmingham campaign (1963), and March on Washington (1963).
Question
How did Malcolm X's approach differ from MLK's?
Answer
Malcolm X argued for Black self-defense and self-reliance 'by any means necessary' rather than non-violent acceptance of arrest and suffering.
Question
What was 'Black Power' and who popularized it?
Answer
A movement emphasizing Black pride and community control, popularized by Stokely Carmichael after 1966; embodied by the Black Panther Party.
Question
What did the Black Panther Party actually do?
Answer
Combined armed self-defense against police brutality with community programs like free breakfasts for children and health clinics, founded in 1966.
Question
What did Ella Baker contribute to the movement?
Answer
Helped found the SCLC and SNCC (1960), believing ordinary grassroots people, not just famous leaders, should drive the movement's decisions.
Question
Who was Fannie Lou Hamer?
Answer
A Mississippi sharecropper beaten for registering to vote, who became a powerful voting-rights activist and co-founded the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (1964).
Question
Name the four major grassroots civil rights organizations and their main method.
Answer
NAACP (court cases), SCLC (non-violent campaigns), SNCC (sit-ins, Freedom Summer), CORE (Freedom Rides testing bus desegregation).
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Topic 11.11 hub
Social movements in the Americas (1945–2020)
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