From empire to republic — war and Atatürk
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Flip to reveal answersWhat territory did the Ottoman Empire lose in the Italo-Turkish War (1911–1912)?
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All 12 Flashcards — From empire to republic — war and Atatürk
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Question
What territory did the Ottoman Empire lose in the Italo-Turkish War (1911–1912)?
Answer
Libya (Tripolitania and Cyrenaica), lost to Italy under the Treaty of Ouchy (1912).
Question
What was the outcome of the Balkan Wars (1912–1913) for the Ottoman Empire?
Answer
Almost all remaining Ottoman territory in Europe was lost to Serbia, Bulgaria, Greece and Montenegro.
Question
Who led the Arab Revolt (1916–1918) and who supported it?
Answer
Sharif Hussein of Mecca led it, supported and armed by Britain (including figures like T. E. Lawrence).
Question
Why is the Arab Revolt debated by historians?
Answer
One view sees genuine Arab nationalism; another stresses Britain's promises (Hussein-McMahon) were undercut by the secret Sykes-Picot Agreement — both nationalism and imperial manipulation were at work.
Question
What was the Treaty of Sèvres (1920) and why did it matter?
Answer
The harsh post-WWI peace that carved up Anatolia among Greece, Italy, France and Allied-controlled Istanbul — it triggered Turkish nationalist resistance.
Question
How did Mustafa Kemal begin organizing resistance in 1919?
Answer
He landed at Samsun in May 1919, officially to oversee demobilization, but instead organized nationalist resistance, formalized at the Erzurum and Sivas congresses.
Question
What was the decisive battle of the Turkish War of Independence?
Answer
The Battle of Dumlupınar (1922), where Kemal's forces routed the Greek army and drove it out of Anatolia.
Question
What happened to the Ottoman sultanate in 1922 and the Republic in 1923?
Answer
The sultanate was abolished in 1922; the Republic of Türkiye was declared on 29 October 1923 with Mustafa Kemal as first president.
Question
What did the Treaty of Lausanne (1923) establish?
Answer
Recognition of an independent Turkish state within roughly its modern borders, ending foreign capitulations and involving a Greek-Turkish population exchange.
Question
Name three key secularizing reforms under Atatürk.
Answer
Secular civil law replacing sharia courts (1926), the Latin alphabet replacing Arabic script (1928), and abolition of the caliphate (1924).
Question
What is 'étatism' as used in Atatürk's economic policy?
Answer
State-led economic planning, with the state building railways, factories and banks because private capital was scarce.
Question
Give two examples of opposition to Atatürk's rule and how the regime responded.
Answer
The Sheikh Said Rebellion (1925, crushed by force) and the Free Republican Party (1930, dissolved by its own founder after gaining unexpected support).
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Topic 10.4 hub
The Ottoman Empire and the creation of Türkiye (c.1790–1938)
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