Middle East — 2011 Egyptian revolution and Lebanon
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Flip to reveal answersWhat was Anwar Sadat's economic policy called, and what did it do?
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All 12 Flashcards — Middle East — 2011 Egyptian revolution and Lebanon
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Question
What was Anwar Sadat's economic policy called, and what did it do?
Answer
Infitah — it opened Egypt's economy to private and foreign investment, reversing Nasser's state-controlled model.
Question
Why did Egypt's 1979 peace treaty with Israel isolate Egypt in the Arab world?
Answer
Most Arab states saw it as abandoning the Palestinian cause; Egypt was suspended from the Arab League for a decade.
Question
When and how was Sadat assassinated?
Answer
6 October 1981, shot by army officers linked to Islamic Jihad during a military parade marking the 1973 war.
Question
What legal tool let Mubarak suppress opposition for 30 years?
Answer
A state of emergency, declared after Sadat's assassination in 1981 and never lifted, allowing arrests and bans on protest without normal legal limits.
Question
What is a 'youth bulge' and why did it matter in Egypt by 2011?
Answer
An unusually large share of young adults in a population; roughly 60% of Egyptians were under 30, and about 1 in 4 young people was unemployed.
Question
How did the Tunisian Revolution help trigger Egypt's 2011 uprising?
Answer
Tunisia's toppling of President Ben Ali in December 2010–January 2011 proved a long-ruling autocrat could fall, directly inspiring the Tahrir Square protests.
Question
What dates mark Egypt's 2011 revolution, start to Mubarak's resignation?
Answer
Protests began 25 January 2011 in Tahrir Square; Mubarak resigned 11 February 2011 after the army refused to fire on protesters.
Question
How did the PLO's arrival in Lebanon (1970–71) help trigger the civil war?
Answer
Expelled from Jordan, the PLO based itself in southern Lebanon and Beirut, launching attacks on Israel and destabilising Lebanon's fragile confessional balance.
Question
Compare the roles of Syria and Israel in the Lebanese Civil War.
Answer
Syria entered in 1976, occupied Lebanon and shifted its backing between factions to control outcomes; Israel invaded in 1978 and 1982 to destroy PLO bases, besieging Beirut in 1982.
Question
What happened to the US-French-Italian Multinational Force in Lebanon?
Answer
Deployed in 1982 to oversee the PLO's withdrawal, it withdrew by early 1984 after October 1983 suicide bombings killed 241 US and 58 French troops in Beirut.
Question
When and why was Hezbollah formed?
Answer
Formed around 1982 by Lebanese Shia clerics and fighters with Iranian funding and training, to resist Israel's occupation of southern Lebanon.
Question
What did the 1989 Taif Agreement do, and what was the exception?
Answer
Brokered by Saudi Arabia, it rebalanced Lebanese political power between Christians and Muslims and disarmed most militias — except Hezbollah, which kept its weapons over continued Israeli occupation.
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Topic 10.11 hub
Revolution, reform and foreign relations in the Middle East (c.1945–2020)
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