Diplomacy

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Managing relations and resolving disputes between states through talking — negotiation, dialogue, treaties and pressure — rather than fighting.

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Negotiation and summits, treaties, sanctions and incentives, and quiet back-channel talks that build trust over time.

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Economic penalties used to pressure a state without using force — a tool of coercive diplomacy.

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Using threats or sanctions, short of war, to change another state's behaviour — raising the cost of defiance while offering rewards for cooperation.

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It resolves disputes without bloodshed, is far cheaper than war, and produces agreements built on consent that last longer than imposed solutions.

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It needs both sides willing to talk and compromise, is slow, can be used to stall or deceive, and can fail against an aggressor determined to fight.

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Because force is deadly, costly and often leaves problems unsolved, so talking is almost always the right first tool.

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Sometimes — they can pressure a state and force concessions, but they can harm ordinary people, be evaded, and entrench a regime, so their record is mixed.

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Diplomacy avoids bloodshed and builds lasting deals but is slow and needs willing partners; force is fast and can stop an aggressor but is deadly and often leaves problems unsolved.

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Because lasting settlements require agreement, so most wars end at the negotiating table with a ceasefire or peace deal, not simply on the battlefield.

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It should almost always come first and resolves most disputes more cheaply and durably than force, but it needs willing partners, so it is strongest when backed by pressure.