Social and environmental factors

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Gender relations, migration, and values and culture — how a society treats women, whether people can move for work, and its attitudes to education and change.

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Empowering women raises household income and health, lowers child mortality and slows population growth; excluding them wastes half a society's talent.

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People moving for work send home remittances and skills, boosting their home country — but poorer states can also lose skilled workers ('brain drain').

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Geography, resource endowment and, above all, climate change — the natural conditions that shape and threaten development.

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It hits the poorest hardest, destroys crops, homes and infrastructure, and can reverse years of development gains in a single disaster.

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Because a changing climate and depleted resources can wipe out progress faster than money can build it.

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When skilled workers emigrate from a poorer country, so it loses the talent it trained — a downside of migration.

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Attitudes to education, work, trust and change affect how readily a society invests in and pursues development.

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No — they cut both ways: empowering women drives development but gender inequality holds it back; a healthy environment sustains it but climate change reverses it.

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They depend more on farming and have fewer resources to cope, yet did least to cause it — so its effects on food, water and homes hit them hardest.

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Climate change is a uniquely reversing, growing threat, but it works alongside corruption, conflict and unfair global rules rather than alone.