Water security

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When everyone can reliably get enough safe, clean water for health, food and livelihoods.

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Clean water and sanitation cut disease, reliable water grows food and powers industry, and it frees people from hours fetching water.

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When demand for water is greater than the reliable supply available — a growing threat from population, farming and climate change.

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Climate change, over-use for farming and industry, population growth, pollution, poor infrastructure, unequal access, and disputes over shared rivers.

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When an upstream country dams or diverts a river, downstream countries can lose water they depend on, raising the risk of conflict.

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Because managing a shared river together through treaties and joint bodies is usually cheaper and more reliable than fighting over it.

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No — the historical record shows shared water more often leads to cooperation than to outright war, though scarcity is raising the risk.

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That access to safe water is essential to life and dignity, so basic water must be guaranteed to all and not denied to those who cannot pay.

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That pricing water discourages waste and funds delivery infrastructure; but charging can put water out of reach of the poor.

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Where water is far away, people (often women and girls) spend hours collecting it — time lost from school or work, holding back development.

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Politics, fairness and institutions: strong, fair treaties and joint bodies turn shared water into cooperation, while their absence raises conflict risk.