Actors in development

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States & governments, IGOs and international financial institutions (World Bank, IMF, WTO), NGOs and civil society, and multinational companies (MNCs/TNCs).

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Bodies like the World Bank and IMF that lend money to and advise countries — powerful, but their loans often come with conditions.

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A multinational (transnational) company that operates across many countries — a big actor in development through investment.

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By bringing investment, jobs, technology, infrastructure and tax revenue, and connecting countries to global markets.

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By paying low wages, avoiding taxes, damaging the environment, taking profit out of the country, and dominating weak states.

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Power — above all whether the host state is strong and well-governed enough to negotiate fair terms and enforce standards.

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They set policy, tax and spend, build infrastructure and regulate other actors — the main driver inside a country.

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They deliver aid, run grassroots projects and hold governments to account — trusted but small, with limited effect on national policy.

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They lend the money poorer states need, but often attach conditions (cut spending, open markets) that critics say can harm the poor.

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No single one — the state holds the real power, but development needs a capable state that can harness IFIs, NGOs and MNCs on fair terms.

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States can be weak or corrupt, IFIs attach conditions, NGOs are small, and MNCs chase profit — so development usually needs them working together.