Refugees and migrants

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Someone forced to flee their country to escape war or persecution — protected in international law.

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Someone who chooses to move to another country, often for work or a better life — with fewer special protections.

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It decides who the world is legally obliged to protect, so governments and campaigners fiercely dispute who counts as which.

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The main treaty defining who is a refugee and their rights, including asylum and protection from being returned to danger.

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The rule that states must NOT send refugees back to a country where they face danger — the core legal protection for refugees.

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The right to seek and be granted safety in another country when fleeing persecution.

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It tests whether the world honours refugees' legal rights — the duty to protect vs pushbacks, walls and paying others to hold them.

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Human rights say everyone fleeing danger deserves safety, but sovereignty says states control their own borders and who may enter.

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A few countries (often poorer neighbours of a conflict) host most refugees while richer states take fewer — a justice question about sharing responsibility.

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They are outside their own state's protection, so their rights depend entirely on other states honouring their obligations.

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Yes — they may lawfully manage borders, but not by returning genuine refugees to danger (non-refoulement).