Generations of rights

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Civil-political (liberty), economic-social-cultural (equality), and collective/solidarity rights held by whole peoples.

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Civil and political rights — the vote, free speech, a fair trial, freedom from torture. Liberty: 'freedom from' the state.

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Economic, social and cultural rights — work, health, education, housing. Equality: 'freedom to' a decent life.

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Collective rights held by peoples — development, a healthy environment, self-determination and peace. Solidarity.

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First-generation rights ask the state to leave you alone (freedom FROM); second-generation ask it to provide (freedom TO).

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They are held by groups not individuals and are hard to enforce, so critics ask who holds them and how they can be delivered.

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The worry that adding ever more rights dilutes the idea — if everything is a right, enforcement becomes impossible.

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The UN treats them as equal to civil-political rights, and liberty is hollow if you are starving; but critics note they cost money and are harder to enforce.

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Poorer nations argued individual rights meant little without development, and climate change made a healthy environment a shared human concern.

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The right to development, to a healthy environment, or to self-determination.

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Interdependent — civil-political rights are easier to enforce, but each generation makes the others real, so they are not simply ranked.