Cultural relativism

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The idea that rights and values should reflect each culture, not one universal standard — so one society should not judge another by its own rules.

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Universalism says rights are the same for all humans; cultural relativism says rights should fit each culture, so they may differ from place to place.

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Forcing one culture's values on another — the harm cultural relativism warns against when 'universal' rights are imposed by powerful states.

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Some Asian leaders argued their societies value community and order over individual rights; critics said it was often used to justify limiting freedoms.

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For genuinely contested practices tied to religion, family or custom, where insisting one culture's answer is the only valid one can be arrogant.

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When 'our culture' is used to excuse torture, silencing dissent, or denying women and minorities basic rights — a shield for power.

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Often the government's or ruler's view, not necessarily what the people themselves want — a key criticism of relativism.

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Yes — a core such as freedom from torture, slavery and killing should hold everywhere, whatever the culture.

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Respect culture at the edges (customs, family, religion) but defend a universal core, judging each claim by whether it protects a people or a ruler.

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It echoes the post-colonial critique that 'universal' rights can be a Western imposition on formerly colonised societies.

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No — it localises them, saying rights should reflect each culture rather than following one global list.