What is interdependence?

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Mutual, two-way reliance between states and actors, so that what happens to one affects the others.

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Economic (trade, supply chains), political (treaties, the UN), social & cultural (migration, ideas, media) and technological (internet, data).

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Dependence is one-way (a small state relying on a big one); interdependence is two-way — both sides need each other.

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A virus in one country spread worldwide through connection (risk), but vaccines were developed and shared faster together (gain).

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The same connections that bring shared gains (trade, knowledge, cooperation) also bring shared vulnerability when a link breaks.

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Global supply chains — the chain of countries and firms that together make and move a product.

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Treaties, alliances and bodies like the UN that tie states' decisions together.

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The internet, shared data and technology that connect people and states worldwide.

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No — it limits how freely a state can act alone, but it does not abolish the state.

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Dependence can be used as leverage — a state others rely on can turn that reliance into power over them.

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Because no state can solve them alone, interdependence drives cooperation through global governance and bodies like the UN.