Challenges to sovereignty

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Globalization/interdependence, supranational bodies, humanitarian intervention, TNCs, secession movements, and violent non-state actors.

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By direction: from above (supranational bodies, markets), below (secession, armed groups) and outside (intervention, powerful states).

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It ties states together so their choices are shaped by markets and partners abroad — sovereignty limited by connection, not conquest.

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When states rely on each other, so each one's freedom of action is limited.

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Organisations whose rules sit above the state, such as the EU, whose court can override national law.

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It is outside action inside a state to protect its people — piercing the 'internal affairs' shield (linked to R2P).

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Some global companies are richer than states and can move money and offices, making them hard for any one state to control.

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A region trying to break away and form its own state challenges the government's control of its territory (a challenge from below).

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No — it is challenged and shared, but states remain the main actors and only they make binding law; it is limited, not lost.

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In law it remains supreme; in practice it is limited by globalization, rules, intervention and non-state actors.

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It is real but limited — challenged from above, below and outside, and increasingly shared, yet not abolished.