External sovereignty

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A state's independence from outside control, recognised as a sovereign equal by other states — sovereignty looking outward.

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Independence (no outside power commands it), recognition (others accept it), and the norm of non-intervention.

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Being accepted as a sovereign state by other states — through a UN seat, embassies and treaties.

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The idea that in international law all states — a tiny one and a superpower — are equally sovereign.

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An organisation whose rules sit above its member states — like the EU, whose court can override national law.

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When states give up a little external sovereignty to a shared body to gain a bigger say over shared problems.

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Members accept shared rules and a court above national law — pooling sovereignty, which critics (Brexit) call a loss of independence.

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The principle that states do not interfere in each other's internal affairs — protecting external sovereignty.

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Supranational bodies, international law, globalization, and powerful states pressuring weaker ones.

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A genuine debate: supporters say sharing makes sovereignty more useful; critics say it is a loss of independence.

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Internal = supreme authority at home (rule at home); external = independence from outside control (independence abroad).